Age of Enlightenment

The Age of Enlightenment was an 18th century cultural movement in Europe. It was when normal guys thought that they could think for themselves, and be smarter. It had its center in France and there it was led by philosophers like Descartes and Denis Diderot. Diderot spread the enlightenment's ideas with the Encyclopédie, the first big public book of reference.

The most important idea of the Enlightenment was the belief in people's reason. All people are capable of thinking for themselves. Therefore, a person should not automatically believe in things those in power and other authorities claim. People do not even have to believe what the church teaches or what the priests preach. Another important thought was that a society is best developed when all its members, regardless of status, collaborated equally in its design. It was thought therefore, that the special rights and privileges of the nobility should be abolished. These were dangerous thoughts for those in power, and many enlightenment philosophers were at times imprisoned or were forced into exile.

The ideas of the Age of Enlightenment contributed to the French revolution of 1789. Some people in power from different countries took some of the ideas of the Age of Enlightenment and made changes to their countries although they kept power for themselves. Examples of these so called "enlightened absolutists" include Catherine the Great of Russia, Frederick the Great of Prussia and Gustav III of Sweden.

During this period of time the Enlightenment, as more and more people began to use reason, some came to disagree with the idea that God created the world. This brought on conflicts and later war. The Enlightenment is held to be the source of important ideas, such as the centrality of freedom, democracy and reason as primary values in society. The enlightened argued that the establishment of a contractual basis of rights would lead to the capitalism, the use of scientific method, to religious tolerance, and to the organization of states into self-governing republics held together through democratic means. The application of rationality to every problem is considered the essential change. From this point on, thinkers and writers were held to be free to pursue the truth in whatever form, even if the pursuit of truth or the new truth violated established ideas.

The Enlightenment also had an effect on many of the founding fathers of America. They were influenced by the Enlightenment's idea of duty and of the role of government for the people.

The Enlightenment was different from its earlier movement, the Renaissance. Renaissance figures helped the rise of arts by using religion (such as the Reformation). During the Enlightenment, its figures started thinking with reason and natural science. Lots of them also gave the Catholic Church severe attacks. The movement gave rise to Capitalism and Socialism.

It was followed by the 19th-century Romanticism movement (figures: Victor Hugo, Charles Darwin) and the 20th-century Existentialist movement (figures: Jean-Paul Sartre).

Important Enlightenment figures

• John Locke (1632-1704) English intellectual and philosopher who is known as the Father of Modern Empiricism as well as the Father of Liberalism. Known as the main influence on Thomas Jefferson and The Founding Fathers' United States Declaration of Independence, particularly regarding the notion of "life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness."
• Voltaire (1694-1778) (Francois-Marie Arouet) French philosopher, writer, playwright, and deist, famous for his wit and criticism. Clashes with him between the Church and the State led him to numerous exiles and imprisonments. His most famous work is the Dictionnaire Philosopphique. His ideas influenced the French Revolution. Many people considered the 18th century to be le siecle de Voltaire or, the "Century of Voltaire"
• Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) Swiss-born French philosopher, writer, and educator. His criticisms of the French State were one of the most powerful of his time. In his book Emile, or On Education he stated many of his opinions on education. Rousseau was often poor during his life but he was highly respected after his death. Also considered to be a figure of the Counter-Enlightenment.
• Baron de Montesquieu (1689-1755) French political thinker. He is famous for his articulation of the theory of separation of powers, taken for granted in modern discussions of government and implemented in many constitutions all over the world.
• Denis Diderot (1713–1784) Denis Diderot was the founder of the Encyclopedia, producing a 28 volume set of books. In those works he contained all learning things.

(The above are important influences to the American and French Revolutions and are leaders of the French Enlightenment.)

• Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) Prussian (German) philosopher, writer, and physicist. He was one of the key figures of the German Enlightenment and in studying the theory of knowledge. Between 1781 and 1790 he produced three important works in the history of philosophy: Critique of Pure Reason, Critique of Practical Reason, and Critique of Judgement.
• David Hume (1711–1776) Scottish. Historian, philosopher and economist. Influenced Kant and Adam Smith.
• Thomas Paine (1737–1809) English. Pamphleteer, Deist, radical republicist, and polemicist, most famous for Common Sense attacking England's domination of the colonies in America. The pamphlet was key in fomenting the American Revolution. Also wrote The Age of Reason which remains one of the most persuasive critiques of the Bible ever written, his writings (mainly The Age of Reason and The Rights of Man) made Americans study their religion, their behaviors, and the ruling hierarchy. His work The Rights of Man was written in defense of the French Revolution and is the classic example of the Enlightenment arguments in favor of classical liberalism.
• Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826) American statesman, political philosopher, and deist. Patriot during American Revolution and took part in the writing of the United States Declaration of Independence (1776) and the United States Constitution (1787).
• Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) American statesman, author, scientist, poet, and civil servant. Patriot during American Revolution and took part in the writing of the United States Declaration of Independence (1776) and the United States Constitution (1787). Discovered the nature of lightning and contributed as a civil servant to Philadelphia's public service.
• Emanuel Swedenborg (1688–1772) Natural philosopher and theologian whose search for the operation of the soul in the body led him to construct a detailed metaphysical model for spiritual-natural causation.
• Gottfred Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716) German philosopher and mathematician, leader of the German Enlightenment, founder of calculus.
• Christian Wolff (1679–1754) German philosopher who continued the philosophy of Leibniz.
• Adam Smith (1723–1790) Scottish economist and philosopher. He wrote The Wealth of Nations, in which he argued that wealth was not money in itself, but wealth was derived from the added value in manufactured items produced by both invested capital and labour. He is sometimes considered to be the founding father of the laissez-faire economic theory, but in fact argues for some degree of government control in order to maintain equity. Just prior to this he wrote Theory of Moral Sentiments, explaining how it is humans function and interact through what he calls sympathy, setting up important context for The Wealth of Nations. It brought many changes to France and to the world.