Names of Pakistan

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Satellite view of the fertile Indus Valley of Pakistan, an ancient cradle of civilizations.

The Names of Pakistan include the many modern and historical names given to the land of Pakistan. Much of Pakistan's history is closely connected to the Indus River, the national river of the country, and most names given to Pakistan come from it.[1] The land of Pakistan, the Indus Valley, has had various names throughout its ancient history.[2][3] As a cradle of civilizations, Pakistan has a rich history in how its names came about. Pākistān is the common name used today for the country, it is an acronym for the many different regions of British Raj (Punjab, Afghania, Kashmir, Sindh, Baluchistan) and the Princely states that joined together to make the federation of Pakistan.[4][5] Officially, the country is called the Islamic Republic of Pakistan (Urdu: Islāmī Jumhūriyah Pākistān) since 1973.[6][7]

Ancient Pakistan, being at the crossroads of civilizations, was split into many kingdoms and empires ruled by local or foreign dynasties, and different areas of the region had different names. The oldest recorded name of Pakistan is Meluhha (𒈨𒈛𒄩𒆠), the Sumerian name for the Indus Country.[8] The oldest recorded native name of the country is "Sapta-Sindhu," meaning the land of seven rivers. This name is mentioned in the Rigveda, an ancient religious book composed in the Punjab region of Pakistan.[9] Chinese called this region as “Shendu (身毒)”, “Tiandu (天篤)” and “Tianzhu (天竺)," specifically referring to the Indus Valley.[10]

Modern Names[change | change source]

British Raj in the year 1922.

The modern name of the country, Pakistan was coined by Choudhry Rahmat Ali, a Pakistan Movement activist, who in January 1933 first published it (originally as "Pakstan") in a pamphlet Now or Never, using it as an acronym. Rahmat Ali explained: "It is composed of letters taken from the names of all our homelands, Indian and Asian, Panjab, Afghania, Kashmir, Sindh, and Baluchistan." He added, "Pakistan is both a Persian and Urdu word... It means the land of the Paks, the spiritually pure and clean."[11] Etymologists note that پاک pāk, is 'pure' in Persian, Urdu and Pashto and the Persian suffix ـستان -stan means 'land' or 'place of'.[12] Sthan or Stan is a very common root in Indo-European languages. The letter 'I' was added later in Pakstan and stands for the Indus, the national river of Pakistan.[13]

Pakistan is an federation which was formed by the joining of five historic regions of British Raj; Punjab, Afghania, Kashmir, Sindh, Baluchistan and numerous Princely state. From 1947–1956, Pakistan remained a Dominion, and was known as the Dominion of Pakistan, on 23rd March 1956, Pakistan adopted an constitution and officially became the Republic of Pakistan.[14] After Pakistan's first ever general elections the 1973 Constitution was created by an elected Parliament. The Constitution declared Pakistan an Islamic Republic.[15]

Ancient Names[change | change source]

Ancient Pakistan has been known by many different names throughout history. The Indus River and its tributaries have shaped and are tied to much of Pakistan's ancient etymological history. Ancient Pakistan was divided into many historic regions which were known by many different names.[16] Traditionally, the Indus is known in Sanskrit as Sindhu, the terms ‘India’ and ‘Indonesia’ were both derived from the Indus River in Pakistan.[17][18]

Meluhha[change | change source]

Mesopotamian "Meluhha" seal
Akkadian Empire cylinder seal with inscription: "Šu-ilišu, interpreter of the Meluhhan language": "Meluhha" appears with the standard cuneiform as 𒈨𒈛𒄩𒆠 (Me-luḫ-ḫaKI, "KI" standing for "country").[19] Louvre Museum, reference AO 22310.[20]

The oldest recorded name of Ancient Pakistan is Meluhha (𒈨𒈛𒄩𒆠), the Sumerian name for the Indus country. The Indus Valley civilization of Ancient Pakistan had extensive trade connections and were greatly reliant on it. They traded with many different civilizations like Ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia and possibly China.[21] Indus Valley civilization was also a prominent trading partner of the Sumer during the Middle Bronze Age.[22]

In an old writing, Sargon of Akkad (2334–2279 BCE) mentioned ships coming from Meluhha, Magan, and Dilmun.[23] His grandson Naram-Sin (2254–2218 BCE) listed rebel kings to his rule, mentioning "(..)ibra, a man from Melukha".[23] In another old writing, Gudea of Lagash (c. 21st century BCE) talked about the Meluhhans who came to Sumer to sell gold dust, carnelian, etc. In the Gudea cylinders, Gudea mentions that:

Gudea cylinders inscription A IX:19, Gudea mentions of the devotions to his Temple: "Magan and Meluhha will come down from their mountains to attend".[24] The words Magan (𒈣𒃶) and Meluhha (𒈨𒈛𒄩) appear vertically in the first column on the right.[25]

"I will spread in the world respect for my Temple, under my name the whole universe will gather in it, and Magan and Meluhha will come down from their mountains to attend."

— Inscription of cylinder A, IX:19[26]

In cylinder B, XIV, he mentions his procurement of "blocks of lapis lazuli and bright carnelian from Meluhha".[27][28] Meluhha is also mentioned in Sumerian mythological legends such as Enki and Ninhursa:

"May the foreign land of Meluhha load precious desirable cornelian, perfect mes wood and beautiful aba wood into large ships for you"

— Enki and Ninhursag[29]

Hapta-Hendu / Sapta-Sindhu[change | change source]

Overview over the geographical horizon of the Young Avestan period, Hapta-Hendu (Sapta-Sindhu) located in Pakistan.

The earliest native mention of Ancient Pakistan is found in the sacred verses of the Rigveda. Which is believed to have been written along the banks of the Indus River and its tributaries in Pakistan.[30] In the Rigveda, the Indus Valley is called "Sapta Sindhua" or "Sapta Sindhu," which means the "land of seven rivers." "Sapt" means seven in the Vedic language. This term is also found in Avestan and Persian as "Hapt" and "Haft," both meaning seven.[31]

The word "Sindhu" itself means sea in the Vedic language, showing how massive the Indus River was. It was so big that the Aryan tribes coming in compared it to a sea. The seven main rivers of the Sapta Sindhu are the Indus, Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Sutlej, Sarasvati and Hakra, covering Ancient Pakistan.[32] In the Rigveda (I.35.8) it states:

“He has surveyed eight summits of the Earth, three shore or desert regions, seven rivers (Sapta Sindhu).” (aṣṭaú vy àkhyat kakúbhaḥ pr̥thivyā́s trī́ dhánva yójanā saptá síndhūn).[33]

The ancient Zoroastrian scripture Zend Avesta also mentions a connected name for Ancient Pakistan (the Indus Valley). It says:

“I and Mazda created the fifteenth country. It is Hapta-hendu and it spans seven rivers”.[34]

The 'S' in Vedic language changes to 'H' in Avestan language. So, Sapta Sindhu becomes Hapta Hendu in the Avestan language. In Zoroastrianism, Hapta Hendu is fifteenth of the sixteen good lands and countries created by Ahura Mazda. The seven rivers in Hapta Hendu are: Indus (Sindhu), Kabul, Kurram, Jhelum (Vitasta), Chenab (Asikni), Ravi (Airovati), Sutlej (Vipasa) rivers joining the Indus in the east and south banks. The Hindu texts are mainly concerned with the eastern & southern tributaries of the Indus while the Zoroastrian texts are concerned with the upper reaches of the Indus and all its tributaries.[35][36]

Achaemenid Era Names[change | change source]

Satrapies of the Indus Valley (Ancient Pakistan)
on the Statue of Darius I
𓉔𓈖𓂧𓍯𓇌
h-n-d-wꜣ-y
Hindush ("Indus")
𓐠𓂧𓎼𓍯𓍒
sꜣ-d-g-wꜣ-ḏꜣ
Sattagydia
𓉔𓃭𓐍𓂧𓇌
h-rw-ḫ-d-y
Gandara

Around 535 BCE, the Persian king Cyrus the Great started a long campaign to take parts of the Indus Valley into his new Achaemenid Empire. In this first move, the Persian army took control of a big area to the west of the Indus River (Western Pakistan), making the early eastern borders of their new realm. After Cyrus died around 530 BCE, the campaign kept going under Darius the Great, who started to take back old provinces and grow the Achaemenid Empire's political borders even more.[37][38]

Around 518 BCE, the Persian army moved deeper into Ancient Pakistan to start another period of conquest by taking over areas up to the Jhelum River in what is now Punjab.[39] At its height, the Persians managed to control most of modern-day Pakistan and add it to their territory. As shown in many Achaemenid-era writings, the Indus Valley became part of the Persian empire with different regions having their own names like Gandāra, Hindush, Gedrosia, and Sattagydia. These regions of Ancient Pakistan became Satrapies (provinces) of the Achaemenid Empire:[40]

Gandāra[change | change source]

Gandāra, or Gadāra (𐎥𐎭𐎠𐎼) in Achaemenid inscriptions, was one of the easternmost provinces of the Achaemenid Empire in Ancient Pakistan.[41] It was located in northwestern Pakistan in the historic region of Gandhara. Gandāra is mentioned in various Achaemenid inscriptions, such as the Behistun Inscription and the DNa inscription of Darius the Great.[42]

Hindush[change | change source]
Hindush soldier of the Achaemenid army
Xerxes I tomb, Hindush soldier of the Achaemenid army, circa 480 BCE.[43][44]
Xerxes I tomb, Hindush soldier circa 480 BCE (enhanced detail).

Hindush (𐏃𐎡𐎯𐎢𐏁), derived from Indus, was another province of the Achaemenid Empire in Ancient Pakistan. It was established after the Achaemenid conquest in 500 BC. According to the ancient Greek historian Herodotus, it was the "easternmost province" of the empire. The territory of Hindush covered the lower and central Indus basin (present-day Sindh and the southern Punjab region of Pakistan).[45] Hindush bordered Gandāra to the north. These areas remained under Persian control until the invasion by Alexander.[46][47]

Gedrosia[change | change source]

Gedrosia was another satrapy (province) of the Achaemenid Empire in Pakistan. Like other satrapies, it was established after the Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley. According to several historians, Gedrosia corresponds to the Makran region of present-day Pakistan.[48][49]

Sattagydia[change | change source]

Sattagydia (𐎰𐎫𐎦𐎢𐏁 Thataguš), meaning "country of hundred cows," was one of the easternmost regions of the Achaemenid Empire, part of its Seventh tax district according to Herodotus, in Ancient Pakistan.[50] It was situated east of the Sulaiman Mountains up to the Indus River in the basin around Bannu in modern-day southern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.[51][52]

In Chinese sources[change | change source]

Record of Hyecho, a Korean Buddhist monk's visit of Gandhara in Ancient Pakistan.

In Chinese historical records, many different names are used to refer to the Indus Valley (i.e. Ancient Pakistan). Among these, the most common is "Thiên Trúc" or the "land of a Thousand Bamboos" (天竺, tianzhu). Other forms include "Ấn Độ" (Yindu, 印度), "Thân Độc" (Shendu, 身毒), and "Thận Đậu" (Shendou, 腎豆), all of which are variant transcriptions of "Indus," the national river of Pakistan. At first, Tianzhu only meant the Indus Valley of Pakistan, but later on, it started to be used to refer to all of the Indo-Pak subcontinent.[53][54]

A detailed account of Tianzhu is given in the "Xiyu Zhuan" (Record of the Western Regions) in the Hou Hanshu compiled by Fan Ye (398–445):

"The state of Tianzhu: Also, named Yuandu, it lies several thousand li southeast of Yuezhi. Its customs are the same as those of Yuezhi, and it is low, damp, and very hot. It borders a large river. The inhabitants ride on elephants in warfare; they are weaker than the Yuezhi. They practise the way of Futu [the Buddha], [and therefore] it has become a custom [among them] not to kill or attack [others]. From west of the states Yuezhi and Gaofu, and south until the Western Sea, and east until the state of Panqi, all is the territory of Yuandu. Yuandu has several hundred separate towns, with a governor, and separate states which can be numbered in the tens, each with its own king. Although there are small differences among them, they all come under the general name of Yuandu, and at this time all are subject to Yuezhi. Yuezhi have killed their kings and established a general in order to rule over their people. The land produces elephants, rhinoceros, tortoise shell, gold, silver, copper, iron, lead, and tin. It communicates to the west with Da Qin [the Roman Empire], and [so] has the exotica of Da Qin.[55]"

The term "Shendu" comes from "Sindhu" in Sanskrit and "Hindu" in Iranian, referring to the Indus valley. Originally, it was pronounced as "l̥induk" or "*qʰl'iːn tuɡ" in Old Chinese.[56] This came from the Chinese way of saying the Old Persian word "Hindush (𐏃𐎡𐎯𐎢𐏁)," and the Sanskrit word "Sindhu," the original name of the Indus River. Tianzhu is just one of the many ways that Chinese write Sindhu, with other ways like Yuāndú (身毒) in Sima Qian's Records of the Grand Historian and Tiandu (天篤) in the Book of the Later Han. The word "Yintejia" (印特伽) comes from the Kuchean "Indaka," another way of writing "Hindu". The modern words "Hindu" and "India" also come from this pronounciation of the Indus river of Ancient Pakistan.[57]

Sinosphere influence[change | change source]

In Japan, Tianzhu was said as Tenjiku (天竺). This word for the Indus Valley is used in the Japanese translation of the Journey to the West.[58] Meanwhile in Korea, Tianzhu was said as Cheonchuk (천축). This variant of Indus is used in Wang ocheonchukguk jeon (An Account of Travel to the Five Indus Kingdoms), a book by the 8th-century Buddhist monk Hyecho from the Korean Kingdom of Silla.[59]

Persian and Arabic names[change | change source]

Hind / Hindūstān[change | change source]

1864 Johnson's Map of British Raj (Hindostan), it includes almost all of the Indo-Pak subcontinent, including the Indus Valley (Pakistan).

The words Hindū (Persian: هندو) and Hind (Persian: هند) came from the Sanskrit word Sindhu (the Indus River or its region). The Achaemenid emperor Darius I conquered the Indus valley (Ancient Pakistan) in about 516 BCE, upon which the Achaemenid equivalent of Sindhu, viz., "Hindush" (𐏃𐎡𐎯𐎢𐏁, H-i-du-u-š) was used for the lower Indus basin (modern-day Sindh).[60][61] The name was also known as far as the Achaemenid province of Egypt where it was written 𓉔𓈖𓂧𓍯𓇌 (H-n-d-wꜣ-y) on the Statue of Darius I, circa 500 BCE.[62]

In middle Persian, probably from the first century CE, the suffix -stān (Persian: ستان) was added, indicative of a country or region, forming the name Hindūstān.[63] Thus, the region of Sindh during this time was referred to as Hindūstān in the Naqsh-e-Rustam inscription of Sassanid emperor Shapur I in c. 262 CE.[64][65]

Both the names were current in Persian and Arabic from the 11th century Islamic conquests: the rulers in the Delhi Sultanate and Mughal periods called their dominion, centered around Lahore and Delhi, "Hindustan" (ہندوستان) also spelled Hindostan. In contemporary Persian and Urdu language, the term Hindustan has recently come to mean the Republic of India but orignally it means the Indus Valley region of Ancient Pakistan. The term Hindustan is also used today to refer to the Indo-Pak subcontinent.[66][67] Muhammad Iqbal, the national poet of Pakistan, in his poem Tarānah-i-Hindī, meaning the "Anthem of the People of Hindustan", described Hindustan as:

Sāre jahāṉ se acchā, Hindositāṉ hamārā
Ham bulbuleṉ haiṉ is kī, yih gulsitāṉ hamārā

Translation:

Better than the entire world, is our Hindustan,
We are its nightingales, and it (is) our garden abode

— Muhammad Iqbal[68]

Bilad ul-Sind / Sind[change | change source]

Umayyad coinage in Sindh, from the time of the first governor, Muhammad ibn Qasim. Minted in Pakistan "al-Hind" (in Multan), dated AH 97 (715-6 CE): "in the name of Allah, struck this dirham in al-Hind ( لهند) in the year seven and ninety".

To Arab Historians, the region on Pakistan was known as Bilad ul-Sindh meaning the 'Land of Sindh (Indus)' or in short Sind (Sindhi: سنڌ).[69][70] The word Sind is an arabic derivation of the word Sindhu, the native name of the Indus Valley. Sindh, Pakistan became an administrative division of the Umayyad Caliphate and later of the Abbasid Caliphate in post-classical period, from around 711 CE with the Umayyad conquest of Sindh by the Arab military commander Muhammad ibn al-Qasim, to around 854 CE with the emergence of the independent dynasties of the Habbarid Emirate and the Emirate of Multan.[71] The "Governor of Sind" (Arabic: عامل السند, ‘āmil al-Sind) was an official who administered the caliphal province over what are now Sindh and South Punjab in Pakistan, with Makran in Balochistan also usually being under his control.[72]

The Sind-Hind divide[change | change source]

Early Islamic geography was a subject that kept changing. However, one idea that Muslim geographers believed at first was dividing South Asia into Sindh and Hind. Sindh meant the Indus Valley (Pakistan), and Hind meant the rest of South Asia.[73]

Extent and expansion of Umayyad rule under Muhammad bin Qasim in medieval Pakistan (modern state boundaries shown in red).

The geographer Ibn Khordadbeh (820-912 CE) described 'Sindh' (the Indus Valley) in the 9th century. He said Sindh included parts of the Indus basin and much of modern Pakistan. His Sindh covered regions like Makran, Turan, al-Qiqan, Multan, and Sindh proper. It pretty much included today's Balochistan, Sindh, and parts of Punjab as well.[73]

Besides Sindh being a geographic area and a strong kingdom before it was conquered, Muslims probably used this naming to tell Sindh and Hind apart. They wanted to show which areas had many Muslims and which were beyond the Islamic world's borders.[74]

This religious and geographic difference is clear in the early Muslim book Kitab Al Masalik Wa Mamalik [The Book of Roads and Countries]. The author talks about South Asia by saying "Sindh-wal-Hind" (Sindh and Hind), showing the parts under Muslim rule and the non-Muslim apart.[73]

The separation of South Asia based on religion done by Arab geographers seems to have become a deeply rooted idea in the Islamic world. Later, in the 11th century, Ghaznavid chroniclers Utbi and Gardezi often called the Indus River (Pakistan) as "Sayhun," which was the name of the Jaxartes River in Central Asia. Clifford Bosworth, an English historian, says they did this because both rivers marked the border between the land of Islam and Paganism.[74]

References[change | change source]

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  53. ↑ 余太山著 (2021-07-01). A STUDY OF THE RELATIONS BETWEEN CHINA AND THE MEDITERRANEAN WORLD IN ANCIENT TIMES. Beijing Book Co. Inc. ISBN 978-7-100-19367-2.
  54. ↑ Tran, Anh Q. (2018). Gods, Heroes, and Ancestors: An Interreligious Encounter in Eighteenth-century Vietnam : Errors of the Three Religions. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-067760-2.
  55. ↑ An anthology of Chinese discourse on translation. Cheung, Martha P. Y. Manchester, U.K. 3 June 2014. p. 77. ISBN 9781317639282. OCLC 881183919.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link)
  56. ↑ "「身毒」的「身」字该怎样读？ - 知乎". www.zhihu.com. Retrieved 2024-04-20.
  57. ↑ "An anthology of Chinese discourse on translation | WorldCat.org". search.worldcat.org. Retrieved 2024-04-20.
  58. ↑ Nagpal, Vinod Kumar (2020-06-25). Lessons Unlearned. Notion Press. ISBN 978-1-64869-984-9.
  59. ↑ "古代中国人称印度为天竺吗 - 三泰虎". www.santaihu.com. Retrieved 2024-04-20.
  60. ↑ Eggermont, Pierre Herman Leonard (1975). Alexander's Campaigns in Sind and Baluchistan and the Siege of the Brahmin Town of Harmatelia. Peeters Publishers. ISBN 978-90-6186-037-2.
  61. ↑ Dandamaev, M. A. (1989). A Political History of the Achaemenid Empire. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-09172-6. The new satrapy, which received the name of Hindush, extended from the centre to the lower part of the Indus Valley, in present-day Pakistan.
  62. ↑ "Susa, Statue of Darius - Livius". www.livius.org. Retrieved 2024-04-21.
  63. ↑ Ray, Aniruddha (2011). The Varied Facets of History: Essays in Honour of Aniruddha Ray. Primus Books. ISBN 978-93-80607-16-0.
  64. ↑ Mukherjee, Bratindra Nath (1989). The Foreign Names of the Indian Subcontinent. Place Names Society of India. The term Hindustan, which in the Naqsh-i-Rustam inscription of Shapur I denoted the lower Indus, and which later gradually began to denote more or less the whole of the subcontinent...
  65. ↑ Ray, Niharranjan; Chattopadhyaya, Brajadulal (2000). A Sourcebook of Indian Civilization. Orient Blackswan. ISBN 978-81-250-1871-1. Among the countries that fell before Shapur I the area in question appears as Hndstn, and Hindy respectively in the three languages mentioned above [Middle Persian, Greek and Parthian].
  66. ↑ Everaert, Christine (2010). Tracing the Boundaries Between Hindi and Urdu: Lost and Added in Translation Between 20th Century Short Stories. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-17731-4.
  67. ↑ Śivaprasāda, Rājā (1874). A History of Hindustan. Medical Hall Press. p. 15. The Persians called the tract lying on the left bank of the Sindhu (Indus) Hind, which is but a corruption of the word Sindh.
  68. ↑ "Here they are to be pronounced not Hindūstāṉ and gu-lis-tāṉ, respectively, as usual, but Hindositāṉ and gul-si-tāṉ, respectively, to suit the meter." From: Pritchett, F. 2004. "Taraanah-i-Hindii" Columbia University, Department of South Asian Studies.
  69. ↑ Nizam, Muhammad Huzaifa (2023-01-15). "HOW THE INDUS VALLEY FED ISLAM'S GOLDEN AGE". DAWN.COM. Retrieved 2024-04-17.
  70. ↑ RAHMAN, KOÇYİĞİT, Zabihur, Tahsin (2018). "EARLY MUSLIM RELATIONS WITH INDUS VALLEY AND THE EXPEDITIONS DURING THE GUIDED CALIPHATE PERIOD". DEUİFD XLVII/2018, ss. 323-346.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  71. ↑ g .le strange (1873). The_Lands_Of_The_Eastern_Caliphate. Universal Digital Library. barnes amp noble.
  72. ↑ MacLean, Derryl N. (1989). Religion and Society in Arab Sind. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-08551-0.
  73. ↑ 73.0 73.1 73.2 M J De Goeje (1889). Bibliotheca Geographorum Arabicorum Kitab Al Masalik Wal Mamalik.
  74. ↑ 74.0 74.1 Nizam, Muhammad Huzaifa (2023-01-15). "HOW THE INDUS VALLEY FED ISLAM'S GOLDEN AGE". DAWN.COM. Retrieved 2024-04-24.
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