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Template:Today/AD/AH Pakistani calendars are the various calendars used in Pakistan for civil, religious and cultural purposes. The Gregorian and Islamic calendar are the most commonly used in official, public and government communications.[1][2][3][4] Many regional and traditional calendars also exist, which are important for recording agricultural and economic activities, timekeeping, or determining festivals.[5]
Background[change | change source]
Pakistan's agricultural calendar consists of two cycles: Rabi, when winter crops are sown in October and November following the end of the monsoon, and harvested by spring in April and May; and Kharif, when summer crops are sown between April and June, and harvested by early autumn in October and November.[6][7] These terms, describing seasonal farming practices, originate from the Mughal period.[8] Typical Rabi crops include wheat, barley, onions, tomatoes, potatoes and cauliflower, while Kharif crops include rice, sugarcanes, cotton, maize, mung beans, and various fruits.[9]
The financial year, during which all revenues and business operations are budgeted by the government, runs from 1 July to 30 June of the next calendar year.[10]
Regional calendars[change | change source]
Many communities also observe regional calendars, which have ancient origins. Some of these calendars have undergone local modifications over time.[5]
Pashtun calendar[change | change source]
The Pashtun calendar is based on the Solar Hijri (Persian) calendar, which is the official calendar of both Iran and Afghanistan.[11] Below are the Persian and Dari months, and their corresponding names in Pashto.[11][12]
| Order | Days | Month start | Persian | Dari | Pashto | |||
| Native script | Romanised | Native script | Romanised | Native script | Romanised | |||
| 1 | 31 | 21 March | فروردین | Farvardin | حمل | Hamal (Aries) | وری | Wray (Aries) |
| 2 | 31 | 21 April | اردیبهشت | Ordibehesht | ثور | Saur (Taurus) | غويی | Ǧwayay (Taurus) |
| 3 | 31 | 22 May | خرداد | Khordad | جوزا | Jawzā (Gemini) | غبرګولی | Ǧbargolay (Gemini) |
| 4 | 31 | 22 June | تیر | Tir | سرطان | Saratān (Cancer) | چنګاښ | Čungāx̌ (Cancer) |
| 5 | 31 | 23 July | مرداد | Mordad | اسد | Asad (Leo) | زمری | Zmaray (Leo) |
| 6 | 31 | 23 August | شهریور | Shahrivar | سنبله | Sonbola (Virgo) | وږی | Waǵay (Virgo) |
| 7 | 30 | 23 September | مهر | Mehr | میزان | Mizān (Libra) | تله | Təla (Libra) |
| 8 | 30 | 23 October | آبان | Aban | عقرب | ‘Aqrab (Scorpio) | لړم | Laṛam (Scorpio) |
| 9 | 30 | 22 November | آذر | Azar | قوس | Qaws (Sagittarius) | ليندۍ | Līndəi (Sagittarius) |
| 10 | 30 | 22 December | دی | Dey | جدی | Jadi (Capricorn) | مرغومی | Marǧūmay (Capricorn) |
| 11 | 30 | 21 January | بهمن | Bahman | دلو | Dalvæ (Aquarius) | سلواغه | Salwāǧa (Aquarius) |
| 12 | 29/30 | 20 February | اسفند | Esfand | حوت | Hūt (Pisces) | كب | Kab (Pisces) |
Week[change | change source]
The following table outlines the names of the days of the week in local dialects.
| Sunday | Monday | Tuesday | Wednesday | Thursday | Friday | Saturday | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Balochi[13] | يک شنبے Yakshanbey |
دوشنبے Doshanbey |
سےشنبے Seshanbey |
چارشنبے Charshanbey |
پنج شنبے Panch shanbey |
جما Jumaa |
شنبے Shanbey |
| Balti | عدید Adeed |
چامدرال Chamdral |
انگارا Angaru |
بورو Boru |
بریس پود Brespod |
شوگ ورو Shugoru |
شنگ شےر Shingsher |
| Burushaski | ادیت Adit |
چندورؤ Chandoro |
نگارو Angaro |
بوڈو Bodo |
بیرے سپاٹ Berayspat |
شوک ورؤ Shukuro |
شیم شےر Shemshayr |
| Hindko | اتوار Atwaar |
سؤ وار Suwaar |
منگل Mungal |
بدھ Bud |
جمعرات Jumiraat |
جمعہ Jummah |
خالي Khali |
| Kashmiri | اَتھ وار Āthvār |
ژندر وار Çāņdėrvār |
پم وار Bomvār |
برھ وار Bödvār |
برس وار Brêsvār |
جُمھ Jumāh |
بٹ وار Baţėvār |
| Khowar | یک شمبے Yakshambey |
دو شمبے Doshambey |
سہ شمبے Seshambey |
چار شمبے Charshambey |
پچھمبے Pachambey |
آدینہ Adina |
شمبے Shambey |
| Pashto | يونۍ Yunai |
دونۍ Dunai |
درې نۍ Drinai |
شورو Shoro |
زيارت Ziarat |
جمعه Jumma |
خالي Khali |
| Punjabi[14] | اتوار Aitwār |
پیر Pīr |
منگل Mangal |
بدھ Budh |
جمعرات Jumāy-rāt |
جمعہ Jummah |
چھنچھر Chancher |
| Shina | ادیت Adit |
تساند ورؤ Tsunduro |
نگارو Ungaro |
بوڈو Budo |
بیرے سپاٹ Brespat |
شوکر Shukur |
شیم شےر Shimsher |
| Sindhi[15] | آچر Aacheru |
سومر Soomaru |
انڱارو Angaro |
اربع Arbau |
خميس Kameesa |
جمعو Jum'o |
ڇنڇر Chancher |
| Urdu[16] | اتوار Itwār |
پیر Pīr |
منگل Mangal |
بدھ Bodh |
جمعرات Jumārāt |
جمعہ Jummah |
ہفتہ Hafta |
See also[change | change source]
References[change | change source]
- ↑ International Monetary Fund (2004). Pakistan: Selected Issues and Statistical Appendix. International Monetary Fund. p. 24. ISBN 978-1-4527-3665-5.
- ↑ Eur (2002). The Far East and Australasia 2003. Psychology Press. p. 1594. ISBN 978-1-85743-133-9.
- ↑ Peaslee, Amos (2013). Constitutions of Nations: Volume II — Asia, Australia and Oceania. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 1094. ISBN 978-94-017-1147-0.
For the purposes of the Constitution, periods of time shall be reckoned according to the Gregorian calendar.
- ↑ Moj, Muhammad (2015). The Deoband Madrassah Movement: Countercultural Trends and Tendencies. Anthem Press. p. 163. ISBN 978-1-78308-389-3.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Malik, Iftikhar Haider (2006). Culture and Customs of Pakistan. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 151. ISBN 978-0-313-33126-8.
Pakistan has a number of festivals and holidays... National holidays and some festivals have fixed dates falling within the Gregorian calendar, whereas others follow its lunar counterpart or the ancient Indian Bikramajit (also Vikramajit) calendar. Muslim festivals follow the lunar cycle, whereas folk and traditional festivals are according to the agricultural cycle.
- ↑ Shah, Nafisa (2016). Honour and Violence: Gender, Power and Law in Southern Pakistan. Berghahn Books. p. 17. ISBN 978-1-78533-082-7.
- ↑ Khan, Mohammad Asif (2007). Changes in the Socio-economic Structures in Rural North-West Pakistan. p. 15. ISBN 978-3-8175-0408-4.
- ↑ Venkateswar, Sita; Bandyopadhyay, Sekhar (2016). Globalisation and the Challenges of Development in Contemporary India. Springer. p. 115. ISBN 978-981-10-0454-4.
- ↑ "Approved Crop Calendar". Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. 22 May 2017. Retrieved 24 May 2017.
- ↑ International Monetary Fund (2012). Pakistan: Staff Report for the 2011 Article IV Consultation and Proposal for Post-Program Monitoring. International Monetary Fund. p. 173. ISBN 978-1-4639-5152-8.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Afroz, Nazes; Najib, Moska (2013). Afghanistan - Culture Smart!: The Essential Guide to Customs & Culture. Kuperard. pp. 68–. ISBN 978-1-85733-680-1.
- ↑ Dupree, Louis (2014). Afghanistan. Princeton University Press. pp. 675–. ISBN 978-1-4008-5891-0.
- ↑ Jahani, Carina; Korn, Agnes (2003). The Baloch and their neighbours: ethnic and linguistic contact in Balochistan in historical and modern times. Reichert. p. 287. ISBN 978-3-89500-366-0.
- ↑ Lal, Mohan (1992). Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Sasay to Zorgot. Sahitya Akademi. p. 3868. ISBN 978-81-260-1221-3.
- ↑ Trumpp, Ernst (1872). Grammar of the Sindhi Language: Compared with the Sanskrit-Prakrit and the Cognate Indian Vernaculars. Trübner and Company. pp. 532–.
- ↑ Schmidt, Ruth Laila (2005). Urdu: An Essential Grammar. Routledge. p. 264. ISBN 1-134-71320-7.
Template:Calendars Template:Science and technology in Pakistan Template:Symbols of Pakistan
Category:Pakistani calendars Category:Pakistani culture Category:National symbols of Pakistan Category:Science and technology in Pakistan Category:Time in Pakistan
Shina[1]
Nowruz [2] Zoroastrian calendar [3]
- ↑ Are J. Knudsen (2009). Violence and Belonging: Land, Love and Lethal Conflict in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan. NIAS Press. pp. 68–. ISBN 978-87-7694-045-4.