Ming dynasty

Great Ming
大明
Great Ming 大明
1368–1644
	Ming China around 1580
Capital	Nanjing (Yingtian prefecture); (1368–1644); Beijing (Shuntian prefecture); (1403–1644)
Common languages	Official language:; Mandarin; Other Chinese languages; Other languages:; Turki (Modern Uyghur), Old Uyghur language, Tibetan, Mongolian, Jurchen, others
Religion	Heaven worship, Taoism, Confucianism, Buddhism, Chinese folk religion, Islam, Roman Catholicism
Government	Absolute monarchy
Emperor (皇帝)
• 1368–1398 (first)	Hongwu Emperor
• 1402–1424	Yongle Emperor
• 1521–1567	Jiajing Emperor
• 1627–1644 (last)	Chongzhen Emperor
Senior Grand Secretary
• 1402–1407	Xie Jin
• 1644	Wei Zaode
History
• Established in Nanjing	23 January 1368
• Beijing designated as capital	28 October 1420
• Fall of Beijing	25 April 1644
• End of the Southern Ming	1683
Area
1415	6,500,000 km2 (2,500,000 sq mi)
Population
• 1393	65,000,000
• 1403	66,598,337¹
• 1500	125,000,000²
• 1600	160,000,000³
Currency	Paper money (1368–1450); Bimetallic:; copper cashes (文, wén) in strings of coin and paper; Silver taels (兩, liǎng) in sycees and by weight
Preceded by	Succeeded by
	Yuan dynasty
Shun dynasty
Southern Ming
Today part of	Burma; China; Laos; Russia; Vietnam; North Korea;
	Remnants of the Ming dynasty ruled southern China until 1662, and Taiwan until 1683 a dynastic period which is known as the Southern Ming.; ¹The numbers are based on estimates made by CJ Peers in Late Imperial Chinese Armies: 1520–1840; ²According to A. G. Frank, ReOrient: global economy in the Asian Age, 1998, p. 109; ³According to A. Maddison, The World Economy Volume 1: A Millennial Perspective Volume 2, 2007, p. 238

The Ming dynasty was the family of emperors who led China from AD 1368 to 1644. The name is also used to talk about the Ming Empire that they led and the 276 years in Chinese history that it lasted. It's also called Great Ming or Dà Míng.

It is also famous for its pottery from Jingdezhen in Jiangxi and Dehua in Fujian.

Name

The Ming dynasty is known in Chinese as the Míng.^[d] This is written as 明 in Chinese characters. The character is a sun (日) and a moon (月) together and means "bright". Chinese uses different words to talk about the different meanings of a Chinese "dynasty" in English: their government is called the Míng cháo (明朝), their country is called the Dà Míng dìguó (大明帝國 or 大明帝国), and their time in Chinese history is called the Míng dài (明代).

Unlike in English, the name of the dynasty is not the same as the family name of the leaders. The family that led China during the Ming were the Zhūs.^[d] This is written as 朱 in Chinese characters. Today, it is just a common Chinese family name, but at that time it meant a kind of red coloring made from cinnabar (Hg S).

History

The Yuan dynasty before them had been part of the Mongol Empire started by Genghis Khan. The Yuan dynasty was established by Kublai Khan. Its emperors had been Mongolian people, but most of China was Han Chinese. To keep their power, the Yuan used a Chinese kind of government of Three Departments and Six Ministries, with imperial examinations. Their laws gave special powers to Mongolian people, though, with other people from other countries ("Semu") placed second, northern Chinese third, and southern Chinese last. They were especially nice to Tibetan Buddhists and gave many important jobs to Muslims, although they also made Muslims break some rules and eat like Mongolians. Some Muslims were angry and started to fight the Yuan. Many people began to fight after the 1340s. The Black Death killed many people and the government did not keep up the work needed to stop the Yellow River from killing people when it flooded. The Red Turbans began fighting in 1351 and its best leader Zhu Yuanzhang made the Yuan emperor Toghun Temür run away from the capital city Khanbaliq (now inside Beijing) in 1368.

When Zhu Yuanzhang took Khanbaliq, he said that the Yuan was over and that his family would be a new dynasty called the Ming. He said that 1368 was the 1st year of the Hongwu Era and became known as the Hongwu Emperor. Toghun Temür and other Mongolians still fought him, but now they were known as the Northern Yuan and the Ming became the real government of most of China.

The Hongwu Emperor had many sons and made them the leaders of the 13 different parts of China. He did not stay in Khanbaliq. He made his old base Yingtian (today's Nanjing) into the new capital city. He wanted China to be more traditional and more Chinese, so he ended most government support for other religions and made Christianity against the law. He wanted China to take care of itself, so he ended most buying and selling of things from other countries. He made a list of rules for his family, and they mostly followed them during the rest of the Ming.

The oldest son of the Hongwu Emperor died before him, so the next emperor was his grandson the Jianwen Emperor. The Jianwen Emperor was about 20 years old and didn't like the power of his many uncles. He started taking away their power, sending them away, or even making them kill themselves. The uncle leading Beijing (old Khanbaliq and now Beijing) was named Zhu Di. He pretended to be crazy so that the Jianwen Emperor would be less afraid. The emperor even let his three sons—kept in the capital city to be sure of their father's good behavior—go north see him. Zhu Di then began a war against his nephew.

At first, Zhu Di said his war was only against the "bad helpers" who told his nephew to hurt their family. When his war was successful and he took Yingtian (now Nanjing), he made himself the Yongle Emperor. He said that his nephew had never been the real emperor and killed many people in the old government. He did not trust the people in Yingtian, so he made Beijing the main capital city. The southern capital then became known as Nanjing and the northern capital Beijing, the names they continue to use today. In Beijing, he built a new home which became the Forbidden City.

The Yongle Emperor did not like many of the people in government who got there by doing well on their tests. He gave more power to eunuchs, men who were hurt as children to stop them from being able to have children of their own. One of these was Zheng He, a Muslim who led great treasure ships south from Suzhou and Nanjing in 7 big trips between 1405 and 1433. The first trips may have been looking for the Jianwen Emperor, but they also became trips that taught China about the South China Sea and Indian Ocean and opened up more buying and selling between their countries and China.

Tumu Crisis

The Oirat leader Esen Tayisi invaded the Ming empire in July 1449. The eunuch Wang Zhen told the Zhengtong Emperor to lead a force personally to fight the Oirats after a recent Ming defeat; the emperor left the capital and put his younger brother Zhu Qiyu as the new emperor temporarily. On 8 September, Esen defeated Zhengtong's army, and Zhengtong was captured—an event known as the Tumu Crisis.

The Oirats held the Zhengtong Emperor for ransom. However, their scheme failed once Zhu Qiyu assumed the throne under the era name Jingtai. The Oirats were also repelled once the Jingtai Emperor's close friend and defense minister Yu Qian (1398–1457) gained control of the Ming armed forces.

The Zhengtong emperor was useless for the Oirats, so they allowed him to go back to China. The former emperor was placed under house arrest in the palace, until he took the throne from the Jingtai Emperor in 1457 known as the "Wresting the Gate Incident". The former emperor retook the throne under the new era name Tianshun and ruled until 1464. ^[2]^[3]

Decline

Wanli Emperor

The reign of the Wanli Emperor (1572–1620) had many problems. In the beginning of his reign, Wanli surrounded himself with good advisors and made responsible efforts to handle ruling the empire.

His Grand Secretary Zhang Juzheng (1572–1582) built up an effective network of alliances with senior officials. However, there was no one after him skilled enough to maintain the stability of these alliances; officials soon fought with each other in opposing political factions.

Over time, Wanli grew tired of ruling and the fights between his ministers, so he decided to stay inside his palace in the Forbidden City and out of his ministers' sight.

Officials became less important in court as eunuchs became the links between the distant emperor and his officials; any senior official who wanted to discuss state matters had to give the powerful eunuchs a bribe simply to have his demands or message reach to the emperor. There were several military campaigns and wars during the Wanli Emperor's reign, Ordos campaign, the response to the Bozhou rebellion, and the Imjin War. ^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9]

Fall of the dynasty

The Mings' main capital of Beijing fell in 1644 to a rebellion led by Li Zicheng, who established the Shun dynasty. This was soon replaced by the Manchu-led Qing dynasty. The people who still liked the Ming continued to fight as the Southern Ming up to 1683.

Importance

The Ming Empire has been described as "one of the greatest eras of orderly government and social stability in human history".^[10] It was the last Chinese dynasty led by the Han Chinese, not counting the short-lived governments of Li Zicheng and Yuan Shikai. It is also famous for its pottery from Jingdezhen in Jiangxi and Dehua in Fujian.

Ming dynasty emperors

Hongwu Emperor (Zhu Yuanzhang), 1368-1398
Jianwen Emperor (Zhu Yunwen), 1398-1402
Yongle Emperor (Zhu Di), 1402-1424
Hongxi Emperor (Zhu Gaochi), 1424-1425
Xuande Emperor (Zhu Zhangji), 1425-1435
Zhengtong Emperor (Zhu Qizhen), 1435-1449 and 1457-1464
Jingtai Emperor (Zhu Qiyu), 1449-1457
Chenghua Emperor (Zhu Jianshen), 1464-1487
Hongzhi Emperor (Zhu Youtang), 1487-1505
Zhengde Emperor (Zhu Houzhao), 1505-1521
Jiajing Emperor (Zhu Houcong), 1521-1566
Longqing Emperor (Zhu Zaihou), 1566-1572
Wanli Emperor (Zhu Yijun), 1572-1620
Taichang Emperor (Zhu Changluo), 1620-1620
Tianqi Emperor (Zhu Youjiao), 1620-1627
Chongzhen Emperor (Zhu Youjian), 1627-1644

Notes

↑ Primary capital after 1403; secondary capital after 1421.
↑ Secondary capital until 1421; primary capital afterwards.
↑ The capitals-in-exile of the Southern Ming were Nanjing (1644), Fuzhou (1645–46), Guangzhou (1646–47), Zhaoqing (1646–52).
1 2 These marks show the tones of the Chinese words, which are important in saying them the right way.

References

↑ Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D (December 2006). "East-West Orientation of Historical Empires" (PDF). Journal of World-systems Research. 12 (2): 219–29. doi:10.5195/jwsr.2006.369. ISSN 1076-156X. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 February 2007. Retrieved 12 August 2010.
↑ Robinson, David M. (1999). "Politics, Force and Ethnicity in Ming China: Mongols and the Abortive Coup of 1461". Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies. 59 (1): 79–123. doi:10.2307/2652684. ISSN 0073-0548. JSTOR 2652684.
↑ Ebrey, Patricia Buckley; Walthall, Anne; Palais, James B. (2006). East Asia: a cultural, social, and political history. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-618-13384-0.
↑ Hucker, Charles O. (1958). "Governmental Organization of The Ming Dynasty". Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies. 21: 1–66. doi:10.2307/2718619. ISSN 0073-0548. JSTOR 2718619.
↑ Spence, Jonathan D. (1999). The search for modern China (2. ed.). New York London: Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-97351-8.
↑ Swope, Kenneth M. (2014). Dragon's Head and a Serpent's Tail: Ming China and the First Great East Asian War, 1592-1598. Campaigns and Commanders Series. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-8502-6.
↑ Faure, David; Ts'ui-p'ing, Ho, eds. (2013). Chieftains into ancestors: imperial expansion and indigenous society in Southwest China. Contemporary Chinese studies. Vancouver: UBC Press. ISBN 978-0-7748-2371-5.
↑ Herman, John E. (2007). Amid the clouds and mist: China's colonization of Guizhou, 1200-1700. Harvard East Asian monographs. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Asia Center : Distributed by Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-02591-2.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link)
↑ Ness, John Philip (1998). The Southwestern Frontier During the Ming Dynasty. University of Minnesota.
↑ Reischauer, Edwin Oldfather; et al. (1960), A History of East Asian Civilization, Vol. I: East Asia: The Great Tradition, London: Allen & Unwin.

[1] Primary capital after 1403; secondary capital after 1421.

[2] Secondary capital until 1421; primary capital afterwards.

[3] The capitals-in-exile of the Southern Ming were Nanjing (1644), Fuzhou (1645–46), Guangzhou (1646–47), Zhaoqing (1646–52).

[tones-5] 1 2 These marks show the tones of the Chinese words, which are important in saying them the right way.

[4] Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D (December 2006). "East-West Orientation of Historical Empires" (PDF). Journal of World-systems Research. 12 (2): 219–29. doi:10.5195/jwsr.2006.369. ISSN 1076-156X. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 February 2007. Retrieved 12 August 2010.

[6] Robinson, David M. (1999). "Politics, Force and Ethnicity in Ming China: Mongols and the Abortive Coup of 1461". Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies. 59 (1): 79–123. doi:10.2307/2652684. ISSN 0073-0548. JSTOR 2652684.

[7] Ebrey, Patricia Buckley; Walthall, Anne; Palais, James B. (2006). East Asia: a cultural, social, and political history. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-618-13384-0.

[8] Hucker, Charles O. (1958). "Governmental Organization of The Ming Dynasty". Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies. 21: 1–66. doi:10.2307/2718619. ISSN 0073-0548. JSTOR 2718619.

[9] Spence, Jonathan D. (1999). The search for modern China (2. ed.). New York London: Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-97351-8.

[10] Swope, Kenneth M. (2014). Dragon's Head and a Serpent's Tail: Ming China and the First Great East Asian War, 1592-1598. Campaigns and Commanders Series. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-8502-6.

[11] Faure, David; Ts'ui-p'ing, Ho, eds. (2013). Chieftains into ancestors: imperial expansion and indigenous society in Southwest China. Contemporary Chinese studies. Vancouver: UBC Press. ISBN 978-0-7748-2371-5.

[12] Herman, John E. (2007). Amid the clouds and mist: China's colonization of Guizhou, 1200-1700. Harvard East Asian monographs. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Asia Center : Distributed by Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-02591-2.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link)

[13] Ness, John Philip (1998). The Southwestern Frontier During the Ming Dynasty. University of Minnesota.

[14] Reischauer, Edwin Oldfather; et al. (1960), A History of East Asian Civilization, Vol. I: East Asia: The Great Tradition, London: Allen & Unwin.

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