User:Renamed user e956b09090b6669f530ac62030e6dc8ef6a28943

"Eesti" redirects here. For the language, see Estonian language. For other uses, see Estonia (disambiguation).

Republic of Estonia Eesti Vabariik  (Estonian)
Flag Coat of arms
Anthem: "Mu isamaa, mu õnn ja rõõm" (English: "My Fatherland, My Happiness and Joy")
Location of  Renamed user e956b09090b6669f530ac62030e6dc8ef6a28943  (dark green) – on the European continent  (green & dark grey) – in the European Union  (green)  —  [Legend]
Capital and largest city	Tallinna 59°25′N 24°45′E
Official language and national language	Estonianb
Ethnic groups (2021)	68.8% Estonians 24.2% Russians 2.0% Ukrainians 0.8% Belarusians 0.6% Finns 3.4% Others
Religion (2011)	64.87% No religion 34.03% Christianity —19.87% Orthodoxy —12.02% Lutheranism —2.14% Other Christian 1.10% Others
Demonym(s)	Estonian
Government	Unitary parliamentary republic
• President	Alar Karis
• Prime Minister	Kaja Kallas
• Speaker of the Riigikogu	Jüri Ratas
Legislature	Riigikogu
Independence  from Russia and German Empire
• Declaration of independence	24 February 1918
• German occupation	February–November 1918
• Power handover to national government	11–14 November 1918
• Soviet invasion and occupation	1940–1941
• German occupation	1941–1944
• Soviet occupation	1944–1991
• Independence restored	20 August 1991
• Joined NATO	29 March 2004
• Joined the EU	1 May 2004
Area
• Total	45,339 km2 (17,505 sq mi) (129thd)
• Water (%)	5.16 (2015)
Population
• 2022 estimate	1,328,439
• 2011 census	1,294,455
• Density	30.9/km2 (80.0/sq mi) (148th)
GDP (PPP)	2022 estimate
• Total	$49.644 billion
• Per capita	$44,853 (41st)
GDP (nominal)	2022 estimate
• Total	$35.187 billion (97th)
• Per capita	$29,735 (39th)
Gini (2020)	30.5 medium
HDI (2019)	0.892 very high · 29th
Currency	Euro (€) (EUR)
Time zone	UTC+02:00 (EET)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+03:00 (EEST)
Driving side	right
Calling code	+372
ISO 3166 code	EE
Internet TLD	.eec
The Supreme Court and one ministry are based in Tartu. According to the Constitution of Estonia, Estonian is the sole official language. Also .eu, shared with other member states of the European Union.

Estonia (Estonian: Eesti [ˈeːsʲti] (listen)), officially the Republic of Estonia (Estonian: Eesti Vabariik), is a country in northeastern Europe. It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland across from Finland, to the west by the Baltic Sea across from Sweden, to the south by Latvia, and to the east by Lake Peipus and Russia. The territory of Estonia consists of the mainland, the larger islands of Saaremaa and Hiiumaa, and over 2,200 other islands and islets on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea, covering a total area of 45,339 square kilometres (17,505 sq mi). The capital city Tallinn and Tartu are the two largest urban areas of the country. The Estonian language is the autochthonous and the official language of Estonia; it is the first language of the majority of its people, as well as the world's second most spoken Finnic language.

The land of what is now modern Estonia has been inhabited by humans since at least 9,000 BC. The medieval indigenous population of Estonia was one of the last "pagan" civilisations in Europe to adopt Christianity following the Papal-sanctioned Livonian Crusade in the 13th century. After centuries of successive rule by the Teutonic Order, Denmark, Sweden, and the Russian Empire, a distinct Estonian national identity began to emerge in the mid-19th century. This culminated in the 24 February 1918 Estonian Declaration of Independence from the then warring Russian and German Empires, and, after the end of World War I, in the 1918–1920 War of Independence where Estonians were able to repel the Bolshevik Russian invasion and successfully defended their newborn freedom. Democratic throughout most of the interwar period, Estonia declared neutrality at the outbreak of World War II, but the country was repeatedly contested, invaded and occupied, first by Stalinist Soviet Union in 1940, then by Nazi Germany in 1941, and ultimately reoccupied in 1944 by, and annexed into, the USSR as an administrative subunit (Estonian SSR). After the loss of its de facto independence to the Soviet Union, Estonia's de jure state continuity was preserved by diplomatic representatives and the government-in-exile. Following the bloodless Estonian "Singing Revolution" of 1988–1990, the nation's de facto independence was restored on 20 August 1991.