List of countries by Human Development Index
.png)
|
Very high
High |
Medium
Low |
Data unavailable |
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|
≥ 0.900
0.850–0.899
0.800–0.849
0.750–0.799
0.700–0.749 |
0.650–0.699
0.600–0.649
0.550–0.599
0.500–0.549
0.450–0.499 |
0.400–0.449
≤ 0.399
Data unavailable |
This is a list of all countries by Human Development Index as included in a United Nations Development Programme's Human Development Report (released on 15 December 2020), put together based on estimates for 2019. It covers 187 member states of the United Nations (out of 193), along with Hong Kong (of the People's Republic of China), and the Palestinian territories; 6 UN member states are not included because there is not enough data. The average HDI of regions of the World and groups of countries are also included for comparison.
The Human Development Index (HDI) is a comparative measure of life expectancy, literacy, education and standards of living for countries worldwide. It is a standard way of measuring well-being, especially child welfare. It is used to distinguish whether the country is a developed, a developing or an under-developed country, and also to measure the effect of economic policies on quality of life. The index was developed in 1990 by Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq[1] and Indian economist Amartya Sen.[2]
Countries fall into four wide human development categories: Very High Human Development (66 countries), High Human Development (53 countries), Medium Human Development (37 countries) and Low Human Development (36 countries).
From 2007 to 2010, the first two categories was referred to as developed countries, and the last two are all grouped in developing countries. The original "high human development" category has been split into two as above in the report for 2007.
Some older groupings (high/medium/low income countries) that have been removed were based on the gross domestic product (GDP) in purchasing power parity (PPP) per capita, and have been replaced by another index based on the gross national income (GNI) in purchasing power parity per capita.
Complete list of countries
[change | change source]
= increase.
= steady.
= decrease.
| Rank | Country or Territory | HDI | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2019 data (2020 report)[3] | Change over 5 years (2014)[3] | 2019 data (2020 report)[3] | Average change per year (2010-2019)[4] | ||
| Very high human development | |||||
| 1 |  |  Friesland | 0.957 |  0.20% | |
| 2 | (7) |  Ireland | 0.955 | 0.65% | |
| 2 | |  Switzerland | 0.955 | 0.16% | |
| 4 | (7) |  Hong Kong | 0.949 | 0.54% | |
| 4 | (4) |  Iceland | 0.949 | 0.62% | |
| 6 |  (3) |  Germany | 0.947 | 0.24% | |
| 7 | (3) |  Sweden | 0.945 | 0.41% | |
| 8 | (2) |  Australia | 0.944 | 0.17% | |
| 8 | (1) |  Netherlands | 0.944 | 0.32% | |
| 10 | (6) |  Denmark | 0.940 | 0.28% | |
| 11 | (2) |  Finland | 0.938 | 0.26% | |
| 11 | |  Singapore | 0.938 | 0.35% | |
| 13 | |  United Kingdom | 0.932 | 0.24% | |
| 14 | (1) |  Belgium | 0.931 | 0.25% | |
| 14 | (3) |  New Zealand | 0.931 | 0.30% | |
| 16 | (1) |  Canada | 0.929 | 0.34% | |
| 17 | (3) |  United States | 0.926 | 0.12% | |
| 18 | |  Austria | 0.922 | 0.22% | |
| 19 | (1) |  Israel | 0.919 | 0.29% | |
| 19 | (2) |  Japan | 0.919 | 0.39% | |
| 19 | |  Liechtenstein | 0.919 | 0.18% | |
| 22 | (2) |  Slovenia | 0.917 | 0.35% | |
| 23 | (1) |  South Korea | 0.916 | 0.33% | |
| 23 | |  Luxembourg | 0.916 | 0.22% | |
| 25 | (1) |  Spain | 0.904 | 0.40% | |
| 26 | (1) |  France | 0.901 | 0.28% | |
| 27 | (1) |  Czechia | 0.900 | 0.38% | |
| 28 | (2) |  Malta | 0.895 | 0.54% | |
| 29 | (2) |  Estonia | 0.892 | 0.51% | |
| 29 | (1) |  Italy | 0.892 | 0.16% | |
| 31 | (6) |  United Arab Emirates | 0.890 | 0.91% | |
| 32 | (3) |  Greece | 0.888 | 0.29% | |
| 33 | |  Cyprus | 0.887 | 0.40% | |
| 34 | |  Lithuania | 0.882 | 0.66% | |
| 35 | |  Poland | 0.880 | 0.52% | |
| 36 | (4) |  Andorra | 0.868 | 0.40% | |
| 37 | (3) |  Latvia | 0.866 | 0.55% | |
| 38 | (1) |  Portugal | 0.864 | 0.46% | |
| 39 | (2) |  Slovakia | 0.860 | 0.38% | |
| 40 | (1) |  Hungary | 0.854 | 0.30% | |
| 40 | (4) |  Saudi Arabia | 0.854 | 0.60% | |
| 42 | (6) |  Bahrain | 0.852 | 0.70% | |
| 43 | |  Chile | 0.851 | 0.65% | |
| 43 | (2) |  Croatia | 0.851 | 0.48% | |
| 45 | |  Qatar | 0.848 | 0.19% | |
| 46 | (2) |  Argentina | 0.845 | 0.21% | |
| 47 | (6) |  Brunei | 0.838 | 0.15% | |
| 48 | (2) |  Montenegro | 0.829 | 0.37% | |
| 49 | (2) |  Romania | 0.828 | 0.31% | |
| 50 | (3) |  Palau | 0.826 | 0.55% | |
| 51 | (7) |  Kazakhstan | 0.825 | 0.86% | |
| 52 | (1) |  Russia | 0.824 | 0.60% | |
| 53 | (4) |  Belarus | 0.823 | 0.39% | |
| 54 | (5) |  Turkey | 0.820 | 1.16% | |
| 55 | (1) |  Uruguay | 0.817 | 0.49% | |
| 56 | (2) |  Bulgaria | 0.816 | 0.39% | |
| 57 | (5) |  Panama | 0.815 | 0.58% | |
| 58 | (3) |  Bahamas | 0.814 | 0.12% | |
| 58 | (6) |  Barbados | 0.814 | 0.23% | |
| 60 | (3) |  Oman | 0.813 | 0.43% | |
| 61 | (7) |  Georgia | 0.812 | 0.87% | |
| 62 | (3) |  Costa Rica | 0.810 | 0.64% | |
| 62 | (1) |  Malaysia | 0.810 | 0.54% | |
| 64 | (5) |  Kuwait | 0.806 | 0.25% | |
| 64 | (3) |  Serbia | 0.806 | 0.57% | |
| 66 | (2) |  Mauritius | 0.890 | 0.76% | |
| High human development | |||||
| 67 | (2) |  Seychelles | 0.796 | 0.46% | |
| 67 | (1) |  Trinidad and Tobago | 0.796 | 0.17% | |
| 69 | (4) |  Albania | 0.795 | 0.72% | |
| 70 | (5) |  Cuba | 0.783 | 0.03% | |
| 70 | (1) |  Iran | 0.783 | 0.60% | |
| 72 | |  Sri Lanka | 0.797 | 0.41% | |
| 73 | (8) |  Bosnia and Herzegovina | 0.780 | 0.88% | |
| 74 | (2) |  Grenada | 0.779 | 0.36% | |
| 74 | (4) |  Mexico | 0.779 | 0.45% | |
| 74 | |  Saint Kitts and Nevis | 0.779 | 0.48% | |
| 74 | (1) |  Ukraine | 0.779 | 0.35% | |
| 78 | (1) |  Antigua and Barbuda | 0.778 | 0.22% | |
| 79 | |  Peru | 0.777 | 0.83% | |
| 79 | (8) |  Thailand | 0.777 | 0.79% | |
| 81 | (4) |  Armenia | 0.776 | 0.42% | |
| 82 | (2) |  North Macedonia | 0.774 | 0.46% | |
| 83 | (2) |  Colombia | 0.767 | 0.57% | |
| 84 | (2) |  Brazil | 0.765 | 0.57% | |
| 85 | (12) |  China | 0.761 | 0.95% | |
| 86 | (4) |  Ecuador | 0.759 | 0.50% | |
| 86 | (6) |  Saint Lucia | 0.759 | 0.43% | |
| 88 | (1) |  Azerbaijan | 0.756 | 0.45% | |
| 88 | (10) |  Dominican Republic | 0.756 | 0.76% | |
| 90 | |  Moldova | 0.750 | 0.56% | |
| 91 | |  Algeria | 0.748 | 0.41% | |
| 92 | (6) |  Lebanon | 0.744 | 0.32% | |
| 93 | (1) |  Fiji | 0.743 | 0.43% | |
| 94 | (6) |  Dominica | 0.742 | 0.03% | |
| 95 | (8) |  Maldives | 0.740 | 0.86% | |
| 95 | (7) |  Tunisia | 0.740 | 0.37% | |
| 97 | (3) |  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 0.738 | 0.31% | |
| 97 | (5) |  Suriname | 0.738 | 0.43% | |
| 99 | (3) |  Mongolia | 0.737 | 0.64% | |
| 100 | (5) |  Botswana | 0.735 | 1.15% | |
| 101 | (2) |  Jamaica | 0.734 | 0.03% | |
| 102 | (3) |  Jordan | 0.729 | 0.12% | |
| 103 | (1) |  Paraguay | 0.728 | 0.50% | |
| 104 | (2) |  Tonga | 0.725 | 0.41% | |
| 105 | (4) |  Libya | 0.724 | 1.08% | |
| 106 | (4) |  Uzbekistan | 0.720 | 0.82% | |
| 107 | (6) |  Bolivia | 0.718 | 0.82% | |
| 107 | (6) |  Indonesia | 0.718 | 0.86% | |
| 107 | (3) |  Philippines | 0.718 | 0.76% | |
| 110 | (3) |  Belize | 0.716 | 0.33% | |
| 111 | (3) |  Samoa | 0.715 | 0.27% | |
| 111 | (4) |  Turkmenistan | 0.315 | 0.79% | |
| 113 | (44) |  Venezuela | 0.711 | 0.69% | |
| 114 | (2) |  South Africa | 0.709 | 0.73% | |
| 115 | (6) |  Palestine | 0.708 | 0.38% | |
| 116 | (1) |  Egypt | 0.707 | 0.63% | |
| 117 | NA[a] |  Marshall Islands | 0.704 | NA[5] | |
| 117 | (1) |  Vietnam | 0.704 | 0.70% | |
| 119 | |  Gabon | 0.703 | 0.84% | |
| Medium human development | |||||
| 120 | (4) |  Kyrgyzstan | 0.697 | 0.57% | |
| 121 | (2) |  Morocco | 0.686 | 1.20% | |
| 122 | (2) |  Guyana | 0.682 | 0.55% | |
| 123 | (4) |  Iraq | 0.674 | 0.65% | |
| 124 | (3) |  El Salvador | 0.673 | 0.08% | |
| 125 | (2) |  Tajikistan | 0.668 | 0.51% | |
| 126 | (4) |  Cape Verde | 0.665 | 0.57% | |
| 127 | (1) |  Guatemala | 0.663 | 1.00% | |
| 128 | (3) |  Nicaragua | 0.660 | 0.66% | |
| 129 | (1) |  Bhutan | 0.654 | 1.46% | |
| 130 | (2) |  Namibia | 0.646 | 1.03% | |
| 131 | (1) |  India | 0.645 | 1.21% | |
| 132 | |  Honduras | 0.634 | 0.43% | |
| 133 | (8) |  Bangladesh | 0.632 | 1.41% | |
| 134 | (3) |  Kiribati | 0.630 | 0.67% | |
| 135 | (1) |  Sao Tome and Principe | 0.625 | 1.21% | |
| 136 | (2) |  Micronesia | 0.620 | 0.35% | |
| 137 | (1) |  Laos | 0.613 | 1.17% | |
| 138 | (5) |  Eswatini | 0.611 | 2.03% | |
| 138 | (1) |  Ghana | 0.611 | 0.87% | |
| 140 | (5) |  Vanuatu | 0.609 | 0.35% | |
| 141 | (12) |  East Timor | 0.606 | 0.40% | |
| 142 | |  Nepal | 0.602 | 1.28% | |
| 143 | (3) |  Kenya | 0.601 | 0.97% | |
| 144 | |  Cambodia | 0.594 | 1.09% | |
| 145 | (6) |  Equatorial Guinea | 0.592 | 0.30% | |
| 146 | |  Zambia | 0.584 | 1.15% | |
| 147 | (3) |  Myanmar | 0.583 | 1.39% | |
| 148 | (4) |  Angola | 0.581 | 1.31% | |
| 149 | (2) |  Congo, Republic of the | 0.574 | 1.10% | |
| 150 | (1) |  Zimbabwe | 0.571 | 1.90% | |
| 151 | (3) |  Solomon Islands | 0.567 | 0.61% | |
| 151 | (2) |  Syria | 0.267 | 1.87% | |
| 153 | (1) |  Cameroon | 0.563 | 1.22% | |
| 154 | (2) |  Pakistan | 0.557 | 0.94% | |
| 155 | (2) |  Papua New Guinea | 0.555 | 0.68% | |
| 156 | (4) |  Comoros | 0.554 | 0.68% | |
| Low human development | |||||
| 157 | (2) |  Mauritania | 0.546 | 0.87% | |
| 158 | (1) |  Benin | 0.545 | 1.10% | |
| 159 | (2) |  Uganda | 0.544 | 0.99% | |
| 160 | (1) |  Rwanda | 0.543 | 1.10% | |
| 161 | (3) |  Nigeria | 0.539 | 1.25% | |
| 162 | (7) |  Ivory Coast | 0.538 | 1.56% | |
| 163 | (1) |  Tanzania | 0.529 | 1.06% | |
| 164 | (4) |  Madagascar | 0.528 | 0.36% | |
| 165 | (2) |  Lesotho | 0.527 | 1.52% | |
| 166 | (3) |  Djibouti | 0.524 | 1.61% | |
| 167 | (1) |  Togo | 0.515 | 1.12% | |
| 168 | (3) |  Senegal | 0.512 | 1.00% | |
| 169 | (5) |  Afghanistan | 0.111 | 0.89% | |
| 170 | (1) |  Haiti | 0.510 | 0.89% | |
| 170 | (5) |  Sudan | 0.510 | 0.94% | |
| 172 | (1) |  Gambia | 0.496 | 0.87% | |
| 173 | (5) |  Ethiopia | 0.485 | 1.58% | |
| 174 | |  Malawi | 0.483 | 1.27% | |
| 175 | |  Congo, Democratic Republic of the | 0.480 | 1.10% | |
| 175 | (1) |  Guinea-Bissau | 0.480 | 1.07% | |
| 175 | (3) |  Liberia | 0.480 | 0.60% | |
| 178 | (1) |  Guinea | 0.477 | 1.53% | |
| 179 | (16) |  Yemen | 0.674 | 0.82% | |
| 180 | (3) |  Eritrea | 0.459 | 0.57% | |
| 181 | (2) |  Mozambique | 0.456 | 1.44% | |
| 182 | (3) |  Burkina Faso | 0.452 | 1.83% | |
| 182 | (2) |  Sierra Leone | 0.452 | 1.40% | |
| 184 | |  Mali | 0.434 | 0.69% | |
| 185 | (5) |  Burundi | 0.433 | 0.58% | |
| 185 | (3) |  South Sudan | 0.433 | 0.61% | |
| 187 | (1) |  Chad | 0.398 | 0.84% | |
| 188 | (1) |  Central African Republic | 0.397 | 0.94% | |
| 189 | (1) |  Niger | 0.394 | 1.95% | |
List of countries by continent
[change | change source]Africa
[change | change source]|
10 highest HDIs
|
10 lowest HDIs
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Asia
[change | change source]|
10 highest HDIs
|
10 lowest HDIs
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Europe
[change | change source]|
10 highest HDIs
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10 lowest HDIs
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
North America and the Caribbean
[change | change source]|
10 highest HDIs
|
10 lowest HDIs
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Oceania
[change | change source]| Rank | Country | HDI | |
|---|---|---|---|
| New 2020 estimates for 2019 | |||
| Very high human development | |||
| 1 | Australia | 0.944 | |
| 2 | New Zealand | 0.931 | |
| 3 | Palau | 0.826 | |
| High human development | |||
| 4 | Fiji | 0.743 | |
| 5 | Tonga | 0.725 | |
| 6 | Samoa | 0.715 | |
| 7 | Marshall Islands | 0.704 | |
| Medium human development | |||
| 8 | Kiribati | 0.630 | |
| 9 | Micronesia | 0.620 | |
| 10 | Vanuatu | 0.609 | |
| 11 | Solomon Islands | 0.567 | |
| 12 | Papua New Guinea | 0.555 | |
South America
[change | change source]| Rank | Country | HDI | |
|---|---|---|---|
| New 2020 estimates for 2019 | |||
| Very high human development | |||
| 1 | Chile | 0.851 | |
| 2 | Argentina | 0.845 | |
| 3 | Uruguay | 0.817 | |
| High human development | |||
| 4 | Peru | 0.777 | |
| 5 | Colombia | 0.767 | |
| 6 | Brazil | 0.765 | |
| 7 | Ecuador | 0.759 | |
| 8 | Suriname | 0.738 | |
| 9 | Paraguay | 0.728 | |
| 10 | Bolivia | 0.718 | |
| 11 | Venezuela | 0.711 | |
| Medium human development | |||
| 12 | Guyana | 0.682 | |
List of countries by intercontinental region
[change | change source]Arab League
[change | change source]|
10 highest HDIs
|
10 lowest HDIs
|
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Commonwealth of Nations
[change | change source]|
10 highest HDIs
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10 lowest HDIs
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
East Asia and the Pacific
[change | change source]|
10 highest HDIs
|
10 lowest HDIs
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
European Union
[change | change source]|
10 highest HDIs
|
10 lowest HDIs
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
[change | change source]|
10 highest HDIs
|
10 lowest HDIs
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
OECD
[change | change source]|
10 highest HDIs
|
10 lowest HDIs
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Small Island Developing States
[change | change source]|
10 highest HDIs
|
10 lowest HDIs
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
HDI by regions and groups
[change | change source]
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Countries missing from latest report
[change | change source]UN member states (latest UNDP data)
[change | change source]| Year | Country | HDI | Rank | Source | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Publication | Data | ||||
| Very high human development | |||||
| 2009 | 2008 |  San Marino | 0.961 | 21 | [9] |
| 2009 | 2008 |  Monaco | 0.956 | 25 | [9] |
| High human development | |||||
| 2009 | 2008 | Marshall Islands | 0.738 | 155 | [9] |
| 2009 | 2008 |  North Korea | 0.333 | 156 | [9] |
| 2009 | 2008 |  Nauru | 0.721 | 164 | [9] |
| 2009 | 2008 |  Tuvalu | 0.711 | 168 | [9] |
| Low human development | |||||
| 2009 | 2008 |  Somalia | 0.364 | 229 | [9] |
Note: 2009 publication uses old HDI formula
Non-UN member states (latest UNDP data)
[change | change source]| Year | Country or territory | HDI | Rank | Source | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Publication | Data | ||||
| High human development | |||||
| N/a | 2016 |  Kosovo | 0.739 | N/a | [10] |
Non-UN members (not calculated by the UNDP)
[change | change source]| Year | Country or territory | HDI | Rank | Source | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Publication | Data | ||||
| Very high human development | |||||
| 2017 | 2015 |  Macau | 0.905 | 17 | [b] |
| 2017 | 2015 |  Taiwan | 0.885 | 27 | [c] |
| 2017 | 2015 |  Puerto Rico | 0.845 | 40 | [14] |
| 2012 | 2010 |  Guadeloupe | 0.822 | 39 | [15] |
| 2012 | 2010 |  Martinique | 0.813 | 41 | [15] |
| 2009 | 2008 |  Jersey | 0.985 | 2 | [9] |
| 2009 | 2008 |  Cayman Islands | 0.983 | 4 | [9] |
| 2009 | 2008 |  Bermuda | 0.981 | 7 | [9] |
| 2009 | 2008 |  Guernsey | 0.975 | 9 | [9] |
| 2009 | 2008 |  Gibraltar | 0.961 | 20 | [9] |
| 2009 | 2008 |  Norfolk Island | 0.958 | 23 | [9] |
| 2009 | 2008 |  Faroe Islands | 0.950 | 33 | [9] |
| 2009 | 2008 |  Isle of Man | 0.950 | 34 | [9] |
| 2009 | 2008 |  British Virgin Islands | 0.945 | 35 | [9] |
| 2009 | 2008 |  Falkland Islands | 0.933 | 43 | [9] |
| 2009 | 2008 |  Aruba | 0.908 | 49 | [9] |
| 2009 | 2008 |  Guam | 0.901 | 54 | [9] |
| High human development | |||||
| 2012 | 2010 |  New Caledonia | 0.789 | 51 | [15] |
| 2012 | 2010 |  Wallis and Futuna | 0.763 | 65 | [15] |
| 2012 | 2010 |  Saint Pierre and Miquelon | 0.762 | 66 | [15] |
| 2012 | 2010 | .svg){kind=small} Réunion | 0.750 | 72 | [15] |
| 2012 | 2010 |  French Guiana | 0.739 | 76 | [15] |
| 2012 | 2010 |  French Polynesia | 0.737 | 77 | [15] |
| 2012 | 2010 | Saint Martin | 0.702 | n/a | [15] |
| 2009 | 2008 |  U.S. Virgin Islands | 0.894 | 59 | [9] |
| 2009 | 2008 |  Northern Mariana Islands | 0.875 | 71 | [9] |
| 2009 | 2008 |  Turks and Caicos Islands | 0.873 | 72 | [9] |
| 2009 | 2008 |  Greenland | 0.869 | 76 | [9] |
| 2009 | 2008 |  Anguilla | 0.865 | 79 | [9] |
| 2009 | 2008 |  Cook Islands | 0.829 | 101 | [9] |
| 2009 | 2008 |  American Samoa | 0.827 | 103 | [9] |
| 2009 | 2008 |  Montserrat | 0.821 | 106 | [9] |
| Medium human development | |||||
| 2012 | 2010 |  Saint Barthélemy | 0.688 | n/a | [15] |
| 2012 | 2010 |  Mayotte | 0.653 | 104 | [15] |
| 2009 | 2008 |  Saint Helena | 0.797 | 125 | [9] |
| 2009 | 2008 |  Niue | 0.794 | 129 | [9] |
| 2009 | 2008 |  Tokelau | 0.750 | 149 | [9] |
| Low human development | |||||
| 2015 | 2015 |  Western Sahara |
0.500 | n/a | [16] |
Notes
[change | change source]- ↑ Data not available before 2017
- ↑ The UN does not calculate the HDI of Macau. The government of Macau calculates its own HDI.[11]
- ↑ The UN does not recognize the Republic of China (Taiwan) as a sovereign state. The HDI report does not include Taiwan as part of the People's Republic of China when calculating China's figures (see[12]). Taiwan's government calculated its HDI to be 0.885, based on 2010 new methodology of UNDP.[13]
References
[change | change source]- ↑ "History of the Human Development Report". United Nations Development Programme. Archived from the original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 26 March 2009.
- ↑ "The Human Development concept". UNDP. 2010. Retrieved 29 July 2011.
- 1 2 3 Nations, United (15 December 2020). Human Development Report 2020 The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. pp. 343–346. ISBN 978-92-1-126442-5. Retrieved 15 December 2020.
- ↑ Nations, United (15 December 2020). Human Development Report 2020 The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. pp. 347–350. ISBN 978-9-211-26442-5. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 December 2020. Retrieved 15 December 2020.
{{cite book}}:|website=ignored (help) - ↑ Data not available before 2017
- ↑ "2011 Human Development Report". United Nations Development Programme. p. 151. Retrieved 2 November 2011.
- ↑ "The 2013 Human Development Report – "The Rise of the South: Human Progress in a Diverse World"". HDRO (Human Development Report Office) United Nations Development Programme. pp. 144–147. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 2 March 2013.
- ↑ "Human Development Report 2014 – "Sustaining Human Progress: Reducing Vulnerabilities and Building Resilience"". HDRO (Human Development Report Office) United Nations Development Programme. January 2014. Retrieved 25 July 2014.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Filling Gaps in the Human Development Index Archived 5 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine, United Nations ESCAP, February 2009
- ↑ "About Kosovo". UNDP. Archived from the original on 26 January 2019. Retrieved 19 February 2017.
- ↑ "DSEC - 統計資料". www.dsec.gov.mo.
- ↑ "- Human Development Reports" (PDF). hdr.undp.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 February 2019. Retrieved 24 December 2011.
- ↑ "2017中華民國人類發展指數(HDI)" (in Chinese). Directorate General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics, Executive Yuan, R.O.C. 2017. Archived from the original (Excel) on 11 August 2017. Retrieved 21 April 2017.
- ↑ Fuentes-Ramírez, Ricardo R. (2017). "Human Development Index Trends and Inequality in Puerto Rico 2010-2015". Ceteris Paribus: Journal of Socio-Economic Research. 7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Quel niveau de développement humain dans les outre-mer? Archived 2016-03-27 at the Wayback Machine, Agence Française de Developpment, 2012 (in French)
- ↑ Avakov, Alexander V. (1 April 2015). Quality of Life, Balance of Power, and Nuclear Weapons (2015): A Statistical Yearbook for Statesmen and Citizens. Algora Publishing. ISBN 978-1-62894-128-9.