List of presidents of the United States

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This list includes all people who have been sworn as President of the United States.

List of presidents in the 18th century (1789-1800)[change | change source]

Parties

  None   Federalist  Democratic-Republican

№ President State Took office Left office Party Term
[n 1] 		Previous office Vice President
1 Gilbert Stuart Williamstown Portrait of George Washington.jpg George Washington
(1732–1799)
[1][2][3] 		Virginia April 30, 1789
[n 2] 		March 4, 1797 Independent 1
(1789) 		Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army
(1775–1783) 		  John Adams
2
(1792)
2 US Navy 031029-N-6236G-001 A painting of President John Adams (1735-1826), 2nd president of the United States, by Asher B. Durand (1767-1845)-crop.jpg John Adams
(1735–1826)
[4][5][6] 		Massachusetts March 4, 1797 until
March 4, 1801
[n 3] 		Federalist 3
(1796) 		Vice President Thomas Jefferson

List of presidents in the 19th century (1801-1900)[change | change source]

Parties

  Federalist   Democratic   Democratic-Republican   Whig   Republican

№ Photograph President State Took office Left office Party Term
[n 1] 		Previous office Vice President
2 US Navy 031029-N-6236G-001 A painting of President John Adams (1735-1826), 2nd president of the United States, by Asher B. Durand (1767-1845)-crop.jpg John Adams
(1735–1826)
[4][5][6] 		Massachusetts since
March 4, 1797 		March 4, 1801
[n 3] 		Federalist 3
(1796) 		Vice President Thomas Jefferson
3 Thomas Jefferson by Rembrandt Peale, 1800.jpg Thomas Jefferson
(1743–1826)
[7][8][9] 		Virginia March 4, 1801 March 4, 1809 Democratic-Republican 4
(1800) 		Vice President Aaron Burr
March 4, 1801 – March 4, 1805
5
(1804) 		George Clinton[n 4]
March 4, 1805 – April 20, 1812
4 James Madison.jpg James Madison
(1751–1836)
[10][11][12] 		Virginia March 4, 1809 March 4, 1817 Democratic-Republican Party 6
(1808) 		Secretary of State
(1801–1809) 		 
Vacant[n 5]
April 20, 1812 – March 4, 1813
7
(1812) 		Elbridge Gerry[n 4]
March 4, 1813 – November 23, 1814
Vacant[n 5]
November 23, 1814 – March 4, 1817
5 James Monroe White House portrait 1819.jpg James Monroe
(1758–1831)
[13][14][15] 		Virginia March 4, 1817 March 4, 1825 Democratic-Republican Party 8
(1816) 		Secretary of State
(1811–1817) 		Daniel D. Tompkins
9
(1820)
6 John Quincy Adams.jpg John Quincy Adams
(1767–1848)
[16][17][18] 		Massachusetts March 4, 1825 March 4, 1829
[n 3] 		Democratic-Republican Party 10
(1824) 		Secretary of State
(1817–1825) 		John C. Calhoun[n 6]
March 4, 1825 – December 28, 1832
7 Andrew Jackson.jpg Andrew Jackson
(1767–1845)
[19][20][21] 		Tennessee March 4, 1829 March 4, 1837 Democratic 11
(1828) 		U.S. Senator from Tennessee
(1823–1825) 		 
Vacant[n 5]
December 28, 1832 – March 4, 1833
12
(1832) 		Martin Van Buren
March 4, 1833 – March 4, 1837
8 Martin Van Buren.jpg Martin Van Buren
(1782–1862)
[22][23][24] 		New York March 4, 1837 March 4, 1841
[n 3][n 7] 		Democratic 13
(1836) 		Vice President Richard Mentor Johnson
9 William Henry Harrison.jpg William Henry Harrison
(1773–1841)
[25][26][27] 		Ohio March 4, 1841 April 4, 1841
[n 4] 		Whig 14
(1840) 		Minister to Colombia
(1828–1829) 		John Tyler
10 John Tyler.jpg John Tyler
(1790–1862)
[28][29][30] 		Virginia April 4, 1841 March 4, 1845 Whig
April 4, 1841 – September 13, 1841 		Vice President
[n 8] 		Vacant[n 5]
Independent[n 9]
September 13, 1841 – March 4, 1845
11 Polkpolk.jpg James K. Polk
(1795–1849)
[31][32][33] 		Tennessee March 4, 1845 March 4, 1849 Democratic 15
(1844) 		Governor of Tennessee
(1839–1841) 		George M. Dallas
12 Zachary Taylor-circa1850.jpg Zachary Taylor
(1784–1850)
[34][35][36] 		Louisiana March 4, 1849 July 9, 1850
[n 10][n 4] 		Whig 16
(1848) 		U.S. Army Major general from the 1st Infantry Regiment
(1846–1849) 		Millard Fillmore
13 Millard Fillmore -13th president of the United States.jpg Millard Fillmore
(1800–1874)
[37][38][39] 		New York July 9, 1850 March 4, 1853
[n 7] 		Whig Vice President Vacant[n 5]
14 Franklin Pierce - 1.jpg Franklin Pierce
(1804–1869)
[40][41][42] 		New Hampshire March 4, 1853 March 4, 1857 Democratic 17
(1852) 		U.S. Army Brigadier general from the 9th Infantry Regiment
(1847–1848) 		William R. King[n 4][n 10]
March 4, 1853 – April 18, 1853
Vacant[n 5]
April 18, 1853 – March 4, 1857
15 James Buchanan.jpg James Buchanan
(1791–1868)
[43][44][45] 		Pennsylvania March 4, 1857 March 4, 1861 Democratic 18
(1856) 		Minister to the United Kingdom
(1853–1856) 		John C. Breckinridge
16 Abraham Lincoln O-77 by Brady 1863, Rice print.jpg Abraham Lincoln
(1809–1865)
[46][47][48] 		Illinois March 4, 1861 April 15, 1865
[n 10][n 11] 		Republican 19
(1860) 		U.S. Representative from Illinois
(1847–1849) 		Hannibal Hamlin
March 4, 1861 – March 4, 1865
Republican
National Union[n 12] 		20
(1864) 		Andrew Johnson
March 4, 1865 – April 15, 1865
17 Andrew Johnson photo portrait head and shoulders, c1870-1880-Edit1.jpg Andrew Johnson
(1808–1875)
[49][50][51] 		Tennessee April 15, 1865 March 4, 1869 Democratic
National Union[n 12]
Independent[n 13] 		Vice President Vacant
[n 5]
18 Ulysses S Grant by Brady c1870-restored.jpg Ulysses S. Grant
(1822–1885)
[52][53][54] 		Illinois March 4, 1869 March 4, 1877 Republican 21
(1868) 		Commanding General of the U.S. Army
(1864–1869) 		Schuyler Colfax
March 4, 1869 – March 4, 1873
22
(1872) 		Henry Wilson[n 4][n 10]
March 4, 1873 – November 22, 1875
Vacant[n 5]
November 22, 1875 – March 4, 1877
19 President Rutherford Hayes 1870 - 1880 Restored.jpg Rutherford B. Hayes
(1822–1893)
[55][56][57] 		Ohio March 4, 1877 March 4, 1881 Republican 23
(1876) 		Governor of Ohio
(1868–1872, 1876–1877) 		William A. Wheeler
20 James A. Garfield.jpg James A. Garfield
(1831–1881)
[58][59][60] 		Ohio March 4, 1881 September 19, 1881
[n 10][n 11] 		Republican 24
(1880) 		U.S. Representative from Ohio
(1863–1881) 		Chester A. Arthur
21 Chester A. Arthur.jpg Chester A. Arthur
(1829–1886)
[61][62][63] 		New York September 19, 1881 March 4, 1885 Republican Vice President Vacant[n 5]
22 StephenGroverCleveland.png Grover Cleveland
(1837–1908)
[64][65] 		New York March 4, 1885 March 4, 1889
[n 3] 		Democratic 25
(1884) 		Governor of New York
(1883–1885) 		Thomas A. Hendricks[n 4][n 10]
March 4, 1885 – November 25, 1885
Vacant[n 5]
November 25, 1885 – March 4, 1889
23 Benjamin Harrison.jpg Benjamin Harrison
(1833–1901)
[66][67][68] 		Indiana March 4, 1889 March 4, 1893
[n 3] 		Republican 26
(1888) 		U.S. Senator from Indiana
(1881–1887) 		Levi P. Morton
24 Grover Cleveland - NARA - 518139 (cropped).jpg Grover Cleveland
(1837–1908)
[64][65] 		New York March 4, 1893 March 4, 1897 Democratic 27
(1892) 		President
(1885–1889) 		Adlai Stevenson
25 Mckinley.jpg William McKinley
(1843–1901)
[69][70][71] 		Ohio March 4, 1897 until
September 14, 1901
[n 10][n 11] 		Republican 28
(1896) 		Governor of Ohio
(1892–1896) 		Garret Hobart[n 4]
March 4, 1897 – November 21, 1899
Vacant[n 5]
November 21, 1899 – March 4, 1901
29
(1900) 		Theodore Roosevelt
of New York
March 4, 1901 – September 14, 1901

List of presidents in the 20th century (1901-2000)[change | change source]

Parties

  Democratic   Republican

№ President State Took office Left office Party Term
[n 1] 		Previous office Vice President
25 William McKinley by Courtney Art Studio, 1896.jpg William McKinley
(1843–1901)
[69][70][71] 		Ohio since
March 4, 1897 		September 14, 1901
[n 10][n 11] 		Republican 28
(1896) 		Governor of Ohio
(1892–1896) 		Garret Hobart[n 4]
March 4, 1897 – November 21, 1899
Vacant[n 5]
November 21, 1899 – March 4, 1901
29
(1900) 		Theodore Roosevelt
of New York
March 4, 1901 – September 14, 1901
26 Theodore Roosevelt.jpg Theodore Roosevelt
(1858–1919)
[72][73][74] 		New York September 14, 1901 March 4, 1909
[n 7] 		Republican Vice President Vacant[n 5]
September 14, 1901 – March 4, 1905
30
(1904) 		Charles W. Fairbanks
March 4, 1905 – March 4, 1909
27 William Howard Taft, head-and-shoulders portrait, facing front.jpg William Howard Taft
(1857–1930)
[75][76][77] 		Ohio March 4, 1909 March 4, 1913
[n 3] 		Republican 31
(1908) 		Secretary of War
(1904–1908) 		James S. Sherman[n 4][n 10]
March 4, 1909 – October 30, 1912
Vacant[n 5]
October 30, 1912 – March 4, 1913
28 Woodrow Wilson-H&E.jpg Woodrow Wilson
(1856–1924)
[78][79][80] 		New Jersey March 4, 1913 March 4, 1921 Democratic 32
(1912) 		Governor of New Jersey
(1911–1913) 		Thomas R. Marshall
33
(1916)
29 Warren G Harding-Harris & Ewing.jpg Warren G. Harding
(1865–1923)
[81][82][83] 		Ohio March 4, 1921 August 2, 1923
[n 10][n 4] 		Republican 34
(1920) 		U.S. Senator from Ohio
(1915–1921) 		Calvin Coolidge
30 Calvin Coolidge cph.3g10777 (cropped).jpg Calvin Coolidge
(1872–1933)
[84][85][86] 		Massachusetts August 2, 1923 March 4, 1929 Republican Vice President Vacant[n 5]
August 2, 1923 – March 4, 1925
35
(1924) 		Charles G. Dawes
March 4, 1925 – March 4, 1929
31 Herbert Hoover.jpg Herbert Hoover
(1874–1964)
[87][88][89] 		California March 4, 1929 March 4, 1933
[n 3] 		Republican 36
(1928) 		Secretary of Commerce
(1921–1928) 		Charles Curtis
32 FDR 1944 Color Portrait.jpg Franklin D. Roosevelt
(1882–1945)
[90][91][92] 		New York March 4, 1933 (1933-03-04) April 12, 1945 (1945-04-12)
[n 10][n 4] 		Democratic 37
(1932)
[n 14] 		Governor of New York
(1929–1932) 		John Nance Garner
March 4, 1933 – January 20, 1941
38
(1936)
39
(1940) 		Henry A. Wallace
January 20, 1941 – January 20, 1945
40
(1944) 		Harry S. Truman
January 20, 1945 – April 12, 1945
33 Harry S. Truman.jpg Harry S. Truman
(1884–1972)
[93][94][95] 		Missouri April 12, 1945 January 20, 1953 Democratic Vice President Vacant[n 5]
April 12, 1945 – January 20, 1949
41
(1948) 		Alben W. Barkley
January 20, 1949 – January 20, 1953
34 Dwight D. Eisenhower, official photo portrait, May 29, 1959.jpg Dwight D. Eisenhower
(1890–1969)
[96][97][98] 		New York January 20, 1953 January 20, 1961
[n 15] 		Republican 42
(1952) 		Supreme Allied Commander Europe
(1949–1952) 		Richard Nixon
43
(1956)
35 John F. Kennedy, White House color photo portrait.jpg John F. Kennedy
(1917–1963)
[99][100][101] 		Massachusetts January 20, 1961 November 22, 1963
[n 10][n 11] 		Democratic 44
(1960) 		U.S. Senator from Massachusetts
(1953–1960) 		Lyndon B. Johnson
36 37 Lyndon Johnson 3x4.jpg Lyndon B. Johnson
(1908–1973)
[102][103] 		Texas November 22, 1963 January 20, 1969 Democratic Vice President Vacant[n 5]
November 22, 1963 – January 20, 1965
45
(1964) 		Hubert Humphrey
January 20, 1965 – January 20, 1969
37 Richard Nixon.jpg Richard Nixon
(1913–1994)
[104][105][106] 		California January 20, 1969 August 9, 1974
[n 6] 		Republican 46
(1968) 		Vice President
(1953–1961) 		Spiro Agnew[n 6]
January 20, 1969 – October 10, 1973
47
(1972) 		 
Vacant[n 5]
October 10, 1973 – December 6, 1973
Gerald Ford
December 6, 1973 – August 9, 1974
38 Gerald Ford.jpg Gerald Ford
(1913–2006)
[107][108][109] 		Michigan August 9, 1974 January 20, 1977
[n 16] 		Republican Vice President Vacant[n 5]
August 9, 1974 – December 19, 1974
Nelson Rockefeller
December 19, 1974 – January 20, 1977
39 Jimmy Carter.jpg Jimmy Carter
(born 1924)
[110][111][112] 		Georgia January 20, 1977 January 20, 1981
[n 3] 		Democratic 48
(1976) 		Governor of Georgia
(1971–1975) 		Walter Mondale
40 Official Portrait of President Reagan 1981.jpg Ronald Reagan
(1911–2004)
[113][114][115] 		California January 20, 1981 January 20, 1989 Republican 49
(1980) 		Governor of California
(1967–1975) 		George H. W. Bush
50
(1984)
41 George H. W. Bush, President of the United States, 1989 official portrait (cropped).jpg George H. W. Bush
(1924–2018)
[116][117][118] 		Texas January 20, 1989 January 20, 1993
[n 3] 		Republican 51
(1988) 		Vice President Dan Quayle
42 Bill Clinton.jpg Bill Clinton
(born 1946)
[119][120][121] 		Arkansas January 20, 1993 until
January 20, 2001 		Democratic 52
(1992) 		Governor of Arkansas
(1979–1981, 1983–1992) 		Al Gore
53
(1996)

List of presidents in the 21st century (2001-present)[change | change source]

Parties

  Democratic   Republican

№ President State Took office Left office Party Term
[n 1] 		Previous office Vice President
42 Bill Clinton.jpg Bill Clinton
(born 1946)
[119][120][121] 		Arkansas since
January 20, 1993 		January 20, 2001 Democratic 52
(1992) 		Governor of Arkansas
(1979–1981, 1983–1992) 		Al Gore
53
(1996)
43 George-W-Bush.jpeg George W. Bush
(born 1946)
[122][123][124] 		Texas January 20, 2001 January 20, 2009 Republican 54
(2000) 		Governor of Texas
(1995–2000) 		Dick Cheney
55
(2004)
44 President Barack Obama, 2012 portrait crop.jpg Barack Obama
(born 1961)
[125][126][127] 		Illinois January 20, 2009 January 20, 2017 Democratic 56
(2008) 		U.S. Senator from Illinois
(2005–2008) 		Joe Biden
57
(2012)
45 Donald Trump official portrait (cropped).jpg Donald J. Trump
(born 1946)
[128][129][130] 		Florida January 20, 2017 January 20, 2021 Republican 58
(2016) 		Chairman of The Trump Organization (1971–2017) Mike Pence
46 Portrait of United States President Joe Biden (cropped).jpg Joe Biden
(born 1942)
[131][132][133] 		Delaware January 20, 2021 Incumbent Democratic 59
(2020) 		Vice President (2009–2017) Kamala Harris

Living former presidents[change | change source]

  • Jimmy Carter
    (1977 – 1981)
    (1924-10-01) October 1, 1924 (age 96)

  • Bill Clinton
    (1993 – 2001)
    (1946-08-19) August 19, 1946 (age 74)

  • George W. Bush
    (2001 – 2009)
    (1946-07-06) July 6, 1946 (age 74)

  • Barack Obama
    (2009 – 2017)
    (1961-08-04) August 4, 1961 (age 59)

  • Donald Trump
    (2017 – 2021)
    (1946-06-14) June 14, 1946 (age 75)

President Joe Biden with former Presidents Donald Trump, Barack Obama, George W. Bush, Bill Clinton and Jimmy Carter during the funeral of George H. W. Bush December 5, 2018.

References[change | change source]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 For the purposes of numbering, a presidency is defined as an uninterrupted period of time in office served by one person. For example, George Washington served two consecutive terms and is counted as the first president (not the first and second). Upon the resignation of 37th president Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford became the 38th president even though he simply served out the remainder of Nixon's second term and was never elected to the presidency in his own right. Grover Cleveland was both the 22nd president and the 24th president because his two terms were not consecutive. A period during which a vice-president temporarily becomes Acting President under the Twenty-fifth Amendment is not a presidency, because the president remains in office during such a period.
  2. ↑ Instead of being inaugurated on March 4, 1789, George Washington's first-term inaugural was postponed 57 days (1 month and 27 days) to April 30, 1789, because the U.S. Congress had not yet achieved a quorum.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 Unseated (lost re-election).
  4. ↑ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 4.11 Died in office of natural causes.
  5. ↑ 5.00 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08 5.09 5.10 5.11 5.12 5.13 5.14 5.15 5.16 5.17 5.18 Prior to ratification of the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1967, there was no mechanism by which a vacancy in the Vice Presidency could be filled. Richard Nixon was the first president to fill such a vacancy under the provisions of the Twenty-fifth Amendment when he appointed Gerald Ford. Ford later became the second president to fill a vice presidential vacancy when he appointed Nelson Rockefeller to succeed him.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Resigned.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Later sought election or re-election to a non-consecutive term.
  8. ↑ Being the first vice president to assume the presidency, Tyler set a precedent that a vice president who assumes the office of president becomes a fully functioning president who has his own presidency, as opposed to just a caretaker president. His political opponents attempted to refer to him as "Acting President", but he refused to allow that. The Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution put Tyler's precedent into the Constitution.
  9. ↑ Former Democrat who ran for Vice President on Whig ticket. Clashed with Whig congressional leaders and was expelled from the Whig party in 1841.
  10. ↑ 10.00 10.01 10.02 10.03 10.04 10.05 10.06 10.07 10.08 10.09 10.10 10.11 Died in office
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 Assassinated.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson were, respectively, a Republican and a Democrat who ran on the National Union ticket in 1864.
  13. ↑ Andrew Johnson did not identify with the two main parties while president and tried and failed to build a party of loyalists under the National Union label. His failure to build a true National Union Party left Johnson without a party.
  14. ↑ The Twentieth Amendment to the United States Constitution went into effect in 1933, moving the 1937 inauguration day from March 4 to January 20, and shortening this term by 43 days.
  15. ↑ Dwight Eisenhower is the first president to have been legally prohibited by the Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution from seeking a third term.
  16. ↑ Sought an election for a full term, but was unsuccessful

References[change | change source]

  1. ↑ The White House (March 12, 2007). "Biography of George Washington". Whitehouse.gov. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  2. ↑ "George Washington – no Political Party – 1st President – American Presidents". History. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  3. ↑ "George Washington (February 22, 1732 – December 14, 1799)". American Presidents: Life Portraits. C-SPAN. Archived from the original on October 19, 2015. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Biography of John Adams". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "John Adams – Federalist Party – 2nd President – American Presidents". History. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 "John Adams (October 30, 1735 – July 4, 1826)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Archived from the original on August 2, 2015. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  7. ↑ "Biography of Thomas Jefferson". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  8. ↑ "Thomas Jefferson – Democratic-Republican Party – 3rd President – American Presidents". History. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  9. ↑ "Thomas Jefferson (April 13, 1743 – July 4, 1826)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Archived from the original on May 4, 2015. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  10. ↑ "Biography of James Madison". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  11. ↑ "James Madison – Democratic-Republican Party – 4th President – American Presidents". History. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  12. ↑ "James Madison (March 16, 1751 – June 28, 1836)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Archived from the original on April 17, 2015. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  13. ↑ "Biography of James Madison". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  14. ↑ "James Monroe – Democratic-Republican Party – 5th President – American Presidents". History. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  15. ↑ "James Monroe (April 28, 1758 – July 4, 1831)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Archived from the original on September 13, 2015. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  16. ↑ "Biography of John Quincy Adams". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  17. ↑ "John Quincy Adams – Federalist, Democratic-Republican, National Republican, WHIG Party – 6th President – American Presidents". History. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  18. ↑ "John Quincy Adams (July 11, 1767 – February 23, 1848)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  19. ↑ "Biography of Andrew Jackson". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  20. ↑ "Andrew Jackson – Democratic-Republican Party – 7th President – American Presidents". History. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  21. ↑ "Andrew Jackson (March 15, 1767 – June 8, 1845)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Archived from the original on November 8, 2015. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  22. ↑ "Biography of Martin Van Buren". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  23. ↑ "Martin Van Buren – Democratic-Republican, Democratic, and Free Soil Party – 8th President – American Presidents". History. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  24. ↑ "Martin Van Buren (December 5, 1782 – July 24, 1862)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Archived from the original on April 15, 2015. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  25. ↑ "Biography of William Henry Harrison". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  26. ↑ "William Henry Harrison – WHIG Party – 9th President – American Presidents". History. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  27. ↑ "William Henry Harrison (February 9, 1773 – April 4, 1841)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Archived from the original on April 17, 2015. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  28. ↑ "Biography of John Tyler". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  29. ↑ "John Tyler – No Party – 10th President – American Presidents". History. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  30. ↑ "John Tyler (March 29, 1790 – January 18, 1862)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Archived from the original on April 15, 2015. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  31. ↑ "Biography of James Polk". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  32. ↑ "James Polk – Democratic Party – 11th President – American Presidents". History. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  33. ↑ "James K. Polk (November 2, 1795 – June 15, 1849)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Archived from the original on April 11, 2001. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  34. ↑ "Biography of Zachary Taylor". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  35. ↑ "Zachary Taylor – WHIG Party – 12th President – American Presidents". History. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  36. ↑ "Zachary Taylor (November 24, 1784 – July 9, 1850)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Archived from the original on July 6, 2000. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  37. ↑ "Biography of Millard Fillmore". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  38. ↑ "Millard Filmore – WHIG Party – 13th President – American Presidents". History. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  39. ↑ "Millard Fillmore (January 7, 1800 – March 8, 1874)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Archived from the original on February 23, 2015. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  40. ↑ "Biography of Franklin Pierce". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  41. ↑ "Franklin Pierce – Democratic Party – 14th President – American Presidents". History. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  42. ↑ "Franklin Pierce (November 23, 1804 – October 8, 1869)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Archived from the original on April 15, 2015. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  43. ↑ "Biography of James Buchanan". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  44. ↑ "James Buchanan – Democratic Party – 15th President – American Presidents". History. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  45. ↑ "James Buchanan (April 23, 1791 – June 1, 1868)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Archived from the original on April 18, 2015. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  46. ↑ "Biography of Abraham Lincoln". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  47. ↑ "Abraham Lincoln – Republic, National Union Party – 16th President – American Presidents". History. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  48. ↑ "Abraham Lincoln (February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Archived from the original on July 25, 2011. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
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