List of epidemics: Difference between revisions

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This article is a '''list of major [[pandemic]]s and [[epidemic]]s''' caused by [[Infectious disease|infectious diseases]] in human history. Epidemics caused by non-communicable diseases are not on this list.
This article is a '''list of major [[pandemic]]s and [[epidemic]]s''' caused by [[Infectious disease|infectious diseases]] in human history. Epidemics caused by non-communicable diseases are not on this list.


Events in '''boldface''' are ongoing. For a given epidemic, the average of its estimated death toll range is used for ranking. If the death toll averages of two or more epidemics equal, then the smaller the range, the higher the rank. For the historical records of world population, see [[Estimates of historical world population]].
== Top epidemics by death toll ==
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size:100%;"
These are pandemics more than 1 million death. Events in '''boldface''' are ongoing. For a given epidemic, the average of its estimated death toll range is used for ranking. If the death toll averages of two or more epidemics equal, then the smaller the range, the higher the rank. The most fatal pandemic was the [[Black Death]] in [[Europe]] duirng the [[Middle Ages|Middle Age.]] The current pandemics are [[AIDS|HIV/AIDS]] and [[COVID-19 pandemic|COVID-19]].
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size:80%;"
|+Epidemics with at least 1 million deaths
|+Epidemics with at least 1 million deaths
!Rank
!Rank
Line 12: Line 11:
!Date
!Date
!Location
!Location
!Events/References
|-
|-
|1
|1
Line 19: Line 17:
|30–60% of European population<ref>{{Cite web|last=Wade|first=Lizzie|date=2020-05-14|title=From Black Death to fatal flu, past pandemics show why people on the margins suffer most|url=https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/05/black-death-fatal-flu-past-pandemics-show-why-people-margins-suffer-most|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2021-02-06|website=Science|language=en}}</ref>
|30–60% of European population<ref>{{Cite web|last=Wade|first=Lizzie|date=2020-05-14|title=From Black Death to fatal flu, past pandemics show why people on the margins suffer most|url=https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/05/black-death-fatal-flu-past-pandemics-show-why-people-margins-suffer-most|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2021-02-06|website=Science|language=en}}</ref>
|1346–1353
|1346–1353
|[[Middle Age|Europe]], [[Asia]], and [[North Africa]]
|[[Europe]], [[Asia]] and [[North Africa]]
|At the beginning of the second plague pandemic, about 30%-60% of the European population killed; one of the most deadliest pandemic in history; no sources found.
|-
|-
|2
|2
Line 28: Line 25:
|1918–1920
|1918–1920
|[[World|Worldwide]]
|[[World|Worldwide]]
|Studies believe the death toll is around 50 million. It is closely related to the [[World War I|First World War]]. The first wave of the epidemic was recorded in military camps in [[Kansas]].
|-
|-
|3
|3
Line 35: Line 31:
|25–60% of European population<ref name=":4" />
|25–60% of European population<ref name=":4" />
|541–549
|541–549
|[[Middle Ages|Europe]] and [[West Asia]]
|[[Europe]] and [[West Asia]]
|The beginning of the first plague pandemic was named after the Byzantine emperor [[Justinian I]]. Approximately 25%-60% of the European population died.
|-
|-
|'''4'''
|'''4'''
|'''[[HIV/AIDS|HIV/AIDS pandemic]]'''
|[[Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS|'''HIV/AIDS pandemic''']]
| data-sort-value="35000001" |'''35 million+ (as of 2020)'''
| data-sort-value="35000001" |'''35 million+ (as of 2020)'''
|
|
|'''1981–present'''
|'''1981–present'''
|[[World|'''Worldwide''']]
|[[World|'''Worldwide''']]
|Researchers believe that the virus was transmitted to humans by [[Chimpanzee|chimpanzees]] in [[West Africa]]. The earliest cases of [[AIDS virus|AIDS]] were recorded in [[Congo]] in the early 1960s.
|-
|-
|5
|5
|[[Bubonic plague|Third plague pandemic]]
|[[Third plague pandemic]]
| data-sort-value="12000000" |12–15 million
| data-sort-value="12000000" |12–15 million
|
|
|1855–1960
|1855–1960
|[[World|Worldwide]]
|[[World|Worldwide]]
|[[Yunnan]] originated in the Xianfeng period of the [[Qing dynasty|Qing Dynasty]] and was closely related to the suppression of Huichang in Yunnan by the Qing army. The main deaths occurred in [[India]] and [[Qing dynasty|China]]. This pandemic has caused major regional epidemics, such as the [[British Hong Kong|Hong Kong]] plague and the Northeast plague.
|-
|-
|6
|6
|Cocoliztli Epidemic of 1545–1548
|[[Cocoliztli Epidemic of 1545–1548]]
| data-sort-value="010000000" |5–15 million
| data-sort-value="010000000" |5–15 million
|27–80% of Mexican population<ref name="Megadrought and Megadeath in 16th Century Mexico" />
|27–80% of Mexican population<ref name="Megadrought and Megadeath in 16th Century Mexico" />
|1545–1548
|1545–1548
|[[New Spain|Mexico]]
|[[Mexico]]
|From 1545 to 1548, the first wave of epidemics died from 5 million to 15 million (about 80% of the Mexican population); the second wave of epidemics from 1576 to 1578 died of 2 million to 2.5 million (about 50% of the Mexican population). May be brought in by the [[Colonization|European colonists]].
|-
|-
|7
|7
|[[Plague|Antonine Plague]]
|[[Antonine Plague]]
| data-sort-value="07500000" |5–10 million
| data-sort-value="07500000" |5–10 million
|25–33% of Roman population<ref>{{Cite web|title=Antonine Plague|url=https://www.ancient.eu/Antonine_Plague/|access-date=2021-02-06|website=Ancient History Encyclopedia}}</ref>
|25–33% of Roman population<ref>{{Cite web|title=Antonine Plague|url=https://www.ancient.eu/Antonine_Plague/|access-date=2021-02-06|website=Ancient History Encyclopedia}}</ref>
| data-sort-value="0165" |165–180 (possibly up to 190)
| data-sort-value="0165" |165–180 (possibly up to 190)
|[[Roman Empire]]
|[[Roman Empire]]
|Brought back from the [[Near East]] by the [[Roman Empire]]. This was named after the [[Roman legion|Roman emperor]] who was in power at the time.
|-
|-
|8
|8
|[[Smallpox|1520 Mexico smallpox epidemic]]
|[[History of smallpox in Mexico|1520 Mexico smallpox epidemic]]
| data-sort-value="6500000" |5–8 million
| data-sort-value="6500000" |5–8 million
|23–37% of Mexican population<ref name="Megadrought and Megadeath in 16th Century Mexico" />
|23–37% of Mexican population<ref name="Megadrought and Megadeath in 16th Century Mexico" />
|1519–1520
|1519–1520
|[[Viceroyalty of New Spain|Mexico]]
|[[Viceroyalty of New Spain|Mexico]]
|Introduced the European "Navigation Discovery" period, the smallpox pandemic played an important role in Spain's conquest of the Aztec Empire.
|-
|-
|'''9'''
|'''9'''
|'''[[COVID-19 pandemic]]'''
|'''[[COVID-19 pandemic]]'''
|data-sort-value="2500000" |'''2.5 million+ (as of March 2021)'''
| data-sort-value="2500000" |'''2.5 million+ (as of February 2021)'''
|'''0.03% of global population<ref name=":52">{{Cite web|title=World Population by Year - Worldometer|url=https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/world-population-by-year/|access-date=2021-02-20|website=www.worldometers.info|language=en}}</ref>'''
|'''0.03% of global population<ref name=":5" />'''
|'''2019–present'''
|'''2019–present'''
|'''[[COVID-19 pandemic by country and territory|Worldwide]]'''
|[[World|'''Worldwide''']]
|The [[COVID-19 pandemic|pandemic]] began in the Chinese city of [[Wuhan]] in the fall of 2019<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-03-03|title=Geographic Information Systems and COVID-19: The Johns Hopkins University Dashboard|url=https://www.researchsquare.com/|access-date=2021-03-05|website=www.researchsquare.com|language=en}}</ref>. Experts believe there are significant numbers of unreported cases that vary from region to region<ref>{{Cite web|last=Boston|first=677 Huntington Avenue|last2=Ma 02115 +1495‑1000|date=2021-03-04|title=The latest on the coronavirus|url=https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/hsph-in-the-news/the-latest-on-the-coronavirus/|access-date=2021-03-05|website=News|language=en-us}}</ref>. From the excess mortality figures available for individual countries, it can be deduced that the actual deaths are significantly higher<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-24|title=Excess Deaths Associated with COVID-19|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nvss/vsrr/covid19/excess_deaths.htm|access-date=2021-03-05|website=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us}}</ref>.
|-
|-
|10
|10
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|1918–1922
|1918–1922
|[[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Russia]]
|[[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Russia]]
|Mainly occurred during the [[World War I|First World War]] and the [[Russian Civil War]].
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" |11
| rowspan="2" |11
|[[Avian flu|Asian flu]]
|[[Asian Flu|Asian flu]]
| data-sort-value="2,500,000" |1–4 million
| data-sort-value="2,500,000" |1–4 million
|0.03–0.1% of global population<ref name=":52" />
|0.03–0.1% of global population<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=World Population by Year - Worldometer|url=https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/world-population-by-year/|access-date=2021-02-20|website=www.worldometers.info|language=en}}</ref>
|1957–1958
|1957–1958
|[[World|Worldwide]]
|[[World|Worldwide]]
|It is believed that the virus originated from the type A avian influenza virus that first broke out in [[Guizhou|Guizhou, China]]. American microbiologist, Morris Hillerman, had invented a vaccine that saved hundreds of thousands of lives.
|-
|-
|[[Hong Kong flu]]
|[[Hong Kong flu]]
| data-sort-value="2,500,000" |1–4 million
| data-sort-value="2,500,000" |1–4 million
|0.03–0.1% of global population<ref name=":5" />
|0.03–0.1% of global population<ref name=":52" />
|1968–1969
|1968–1969
|[[World|Worldwide]]
|[[World|Worldwide]]
|The [[Avian influenza|Asian influenza]] virus transferred its antigenic form and broke out for the first time in [[British Hong Kong|Hong Kong]]. At that time, it was also called "Mao flu" or "[[Mao Zedong]] flu".
|-
|-
|13
|13
|Cocoliztli epidemic of 1576
|[[Cocoliztli epidemic of 1576]]
|2–2.5 million
|2–2.5 million
|50% of Mexican population<ref name="Megadrought and Megadeath in 16th Century Mexico" />
|50% of Mexican population<ref name="Megadrought and Megadeath in 16th Century Mexico" />
|1576–1580
|1576–1580
|[[Mexico]]
|[[Mexico]]
|A epidemics from 1576 to 1578 died of 2 million to 2.5 million (approximately 50% of the Mexican population). This disease could might have brought the from the European people after being [[Colonization|colonized from America]].
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" |14
| rowspan="2" |14
|[[Smallpox|735–737 Japanese smallpox epidemic]]
|[[735–737 Japanese smallpox epidemic]]
|2 million
|2 million
|33% of Japanese population<ref name="Suzuki" />
|33% of Japanese population<ref name="Suzuki" />
|735–737
|735–737
|[[Japan]]
|[[Japan]]
|In the [[6th century|6th century AD]], [[smallpox]] and the [[Silk Road|Silk Road trade]] activities spread to [[Japan]] and the [[Korean Peninsula]]. Since then, about one-third of the [[Japanese people|Japanese]] population has died.
|-
|-
|[[Bubonic plague|1772–1773 Persian Plague]]
|[[1772–1773 Persian Plague]]
|2 million
|2 million
|
|
|1772–1773
|1772–1773
|[[Persian|Persia]]
|[[Persia]]
|The second plague pandemic broke out in Baghdad (now the capital of [[Iran]]).
|-
|-
|16
|16
|[[Bubonic plague|Naples Plague]]
|[[Naples Plague]]
|1.25 million
|1.25 million
|
|
|1656–1658
|1656–1658
|[[Italy]]
|[[Italy]]
|The second plague pandemic was introduced from other European countries, mainly affecting the central and southern regions of Italy (the Kingdom of Naples), causing a devastating almost wipped out the population of Naples.
|-
|-
|17
|17
|[[Cholera|Third cholera pandemic]]
|[[Third cholera pandemic]]
|1 million+
|1 million+
|
|
|1846–1860
|1846–1860
|[[World|Worldwide]]
|[[World|Worldwide]]
|It first broke out in India, and about 1 million people died in the [[Russian Empire|Russian Empire.]] During this period, the British doctor John Snow used scientific methods to determine the transmission route of cholera and successfully controlled the epidemic. He was hailed as the "father of epidemiology" by the later generations.
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" |18
| rowspan="2" |18
|[[Bubonic plague|1629–1631 Italian plague]]
|[[1629–1631 Italian plague]]
|1 million
|1 million
|
|
|1629–1631
|1629–1631
|[[Italy]]
|[[Italy]]
|In the second plague pandemic, also known as the "Milan plague", about 25% of the Italian population were died. In the "[[Thirty Years' War]]" (1618-1648) in Europe, the dispatch of troops brought the plague to Italy.
|-
|-
|[[Influenza|1889–1890 flu pandemic]]
|[[1889–1890 flu pandemic]]
|1 million
|1 million
|
|
|1889–1890
|1889–1890
|[[World|Worldwide]]
|[[World|Worldwide]]
|The first outbreak occurred in the [[Bukhara]] region of the [[Russian Empire]]. At the same time, there are also reports of outbreaks in [[Canada|Canada,]] [[Greenland]] and other places.
|}
|}

== Worldwide Pandemics ==

* 1194-1184 [[Common Era|BCE]]: [[influenza]]: Trojan War epidemic<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Morens|first=David M.|last2=Taubenberger|first2=Jeffery K.|date=2011-9|title=Pandemic influenza: certain uncertainties|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3246071/|journal=Reviews in medical virology|volume=21|issue=5|pages=262–284|doi=10.1002/rmv.689|issn=1052-9276|pmc=3246071|pmid=21706672}}</ref>
* 713 [[Common Era|BCE]]: [[influenza]]: Assyrian epidemic<ref name=":1" />
* 430-425 [[BCE]]: [[influenza]] (?): [[Plague of Athens]]<ref name=":1" />
* [[165]]-[[180]]: Antonine Plague, perhaps [[smallpox]]
* [[541]]: the [[Plague of Justinian]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Justinian's Flea -|url=http://www.justiniansflea.com/|access-date=2020-08-18|website=www.justiniansflea.com}}</ref>
* 591-592: [[influenza]]: Extreme Cough<ref name=":1" />
* [[1300s|1300-50s]]: The [[Black Death]] in Europe and Asia during the Late [[Middle Ages|Middle Age]] (Killed 60% of the [[population]]) <ref>{{Cite web|title=Three Books on the Black Death {{!}} The Heritage Portal|url=http://www.theheritageportal.co.za/article/three-books-black-death|access-date=2020-08-18|website=www.theheritageportal.co.za}}</ref>
* [[1501]]-[[1587]]: [[typhus]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Raoult|first=Didier|last2=Woodward|first2=Theodore|last3=Dumler|first3=J. Stephen|date=2004-03-01|title=The history of epidemic typhus|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S089155200300093X|journal=Infectious Disease Clinics of North America|series=Historical Aspects of Infectious Diseases, Part I|language=en|volume=18|issue=1|pages=127–140|doi=10.1016/S0891-5520(03)00093-X|issn=0891-5520}}</ref>
* 1729: [[influenza]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=S|first=Peter M.|last2=Feb 22|first2=man {{!}}|last3=2007|title=A severe pandemic is not overdue - it's not when but if|url=https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2007/02/severe-pandemic-not-overdue-its-not-when-if|access-date=2020-08-18|website=CIDRAP|language=en}}</ref>
* [[1732]]-[[1733]]: [[influenza]]<ref name=":0" />
* [[1775]]-[[1776]]: [[influenza]]<ref name=":1" />
* 1781: [[influenza]]<ref name=":0" />
* [[1816]]-[[1826]]: [[cholera]]<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Cholera - Cholera through history|url=https://www.britannica.com/science/cholera|access-date=2020-08-20|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref>
* [[1829]]-[[1851]]: [[cholera]]<ref name=":2" />
* 1830: [[influenza]]<ref name=":0" />
* [[1847]]-[[1848]]: [[influenza]]
* [[1852]]-[[1860]]: [[cholera]]<ref name=":2" />
* [[1855]]-[[1950s]]: [[bubonic plague]]: Third Pandemic in China and India
* [[1857]]-[[1859]]: [[influenza]]
* 1870-1874: smallpox<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rolleston|first=J. D.|date=1933-12|title=The Smallpox Pandemic of 1870–1874: President's Address|url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/003591573302700245|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine|language=en|volume=27|issue=2|pages=177–192|doi=10.1177/003591573302700245|issn=0035-9157}}</ref>
* [[1863]]-[[1875]]: [[cholera]]<ref name=":2" />
* 1881-1893: [[cholera]]<ref name=":2" />
* [[1889]]-[[1892]]: [[influenza]]<ref name=":0" />
* [[1899]]-[[1923]]: [[cholera]]<ref name=":2" />
* [[1918]]-[[1920]]: [[avian flu]]: [[Spanish flu]]: more people were hospitalized in [[World War I]] from this epidemic than wounds. Estimates of the dead range from 20 to 40 million worldwide (WHO)<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2020-06-27|title=The Great Influenza|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Great_Influenza&oldid=964710827|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref>
* 1957-1958: [[influenza]]: [[avian flu]]: [[Bird flu|Asian flu]]<ref name=":0" />
* [[1960s|1961-present]]: [[cholera]] called ''El Tor''<ref name=":2" />
* 1981-present: [[HIV/AIDS]] (As of 2018, more than 32 million have died from [[AIDS]]) <ref>{{Cite web|last=June 05|first=Content Source: HIV govDate last updated:|last2=2020|date=2020-06-05|title=What Are HIV and AIDS?|url=https://www.hiv.gov/hiv-basics/overview/about-hiv-and-aids/what-are-hiv-and-aids|access-date=2021-01-15|website=HIV.gov|language=en}}</ref>
* 1968-1969: [[influenza]]: [[avian flu]]: [[Hong Kong flu]]<ref name=":0" />
* [[2002]]-[[2003]]: [[SARS]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)|url=https://www.who.int/westernpacific/health-topics/severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome|access-date=2020-08-18|website=www.who.int|language=en}}</ref>
* 2009-2010: [[2009 flu pandemic]] (swine flu) <ref>{{Cite web|last=CDC|date=2019-06-11|title=2009 H1N1 Pandemic|url=https://www.cdc.gov/flu/pandemic-resources/2009-h1n1-pandemic.html|access-date=2021-02-06|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}</ref>
* [[2019]] to present: [[COVID-19 pandemic]] (Ongoing pandemic)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Home|url=https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/|access-date=2021-02-06|website=Johns Hopkins Coronavirus Resource Center|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Coronavirus Update (Live): 106,308,198 Cases and 2,318,294 Deaths from COVID-19 Virus Pandemic - Worldometer|url=https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/|access-date=2021-02-06|website=www.worldometers.info|language=en}}</ref>

== Regional ==

=== Asia ===

* [[1997]]: [[Avian flu]] - [[China]], [[Hong Kong]]
* 2019-present: [[COVID-19 pandemic in mainland China|COVID-19]] (Wuhan, Hubei, China)

=== Central and South America ===

* [[1493]]: [[influenza]] - [[Hispaniola]]
* [[1518]]: [[smallpox]] - [[Hispaniola]]
* [[1520]]: [[smallpox]] - [[Mexico]]
* [[1527]]-[[1530]]: [[smallpox]] - [[Peru]]
* [[1530]]-[[1531]]: [[measles]] - [[Mexico]], [[Peru]]
* [[1546]]: [[typhus]] - [[Mexico]], [[Peru]]
* [[1558]]-[[1559]]: [[influenza]] - [[Mexico]], [[Peru]]
* early [[1600s]]: [[malaria]]
* [[1648]]: [[yellow fever]]

=== Europe ===

* 415 [[BCE]]: Athenian army in Sicily<ref name=":1" />
* 393 BCE: Carthaginian siege of Syracuse<ref name=":1" />
* [[1347]]-[[1351]]: [[Black Death]]
* [[1582]]-[[1583]]: [[plague]] - San Cristóbal de La Laguna ([[Tenerife]], [[Spain]])
* 1613: diphtheria<ref>{{Cite web|title=what's the story?|url=http://diphtheria-knowledge.weebly.com/whats-the-story.html|access-date=2020-08-18|website=Diphtheria}}</ref> - "El año de los Garotillos<ref>{{Cite web|title=Between Hope and Fear|url=http://pegasusbooks.com/books/between-hope-and-fear-9781681777511-hardcover|access-date=2020-08-18|website=pegasusbooks.com}}</ref>"
* 1782: [[influenza]]: Russian Katarrh<ref name=":1" />

=== Egypt & North Africa ===

* 212 [[Common Era|BCE]]: Second Punic War epidemic<ref name=":1" />
* [[1801]]: [[Bubonic plague|plague]]
* [[1831]]: [[cholera]]
* [[1834]]-[[1836]]: [[Bubonic plague|plague]]
* [[1848]], [[1865]], [[1881]]: [[cholera]]
* [[1902]]: [[cholera]]
* [[1942]]-[[1944]]: [[Malaria|falciparum malaria]]
* [[1946]]: [[relapsing fever]]
* [[1947]]: [[cholera]]

=== North America ===

* [[1657]]: [[measles]] - [[Boston, Massachusetts]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Timeline {{!}} History of Vaccines|url=https://www.historyofvaccines.org/timeline/all|access-date=2020-08-20|website=www.historyofvaccines.org|language=en}}</ref>
* [[1687]]: [[measles]] - [[Boston, Massachusetts]]<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Disease & Death in Early America: Tully Area Historical Society|url=https://www.tullyhistoricalsociety.org/tahs/medical.php#measles|access-date=2020-08-20|website=www.tullyhistoricalsociety.org}}</ref>
* [[1690]]: [[yellow fever]] - [[New York, New York]]<ref name=":3" />
* [[1713]]: [[measles]] - [[Boston, Massachusetts]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Morens|first=David M.|date=2015-7|title=The Past Is Never Dead—Measles Epidemic, Boston, Massachusetts, 1713|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4480406/|journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases|volume=21|issue=7|pages=1257–1260|doi=10.3201/eid2107.150397|issn=1080-6040|pmc=4480406|pmid=26277799}}</ref>
* [[1721]]-[[1722]]: [[smallpox]] - [[Boston, Massachusetts]]
* [[1729]]: [[measles]] - [[Boston, Massachusetts]]<ref name=":3" />
* [[1738]]: [[smallpox]] - [[South Carolina]]<ref name=":3" />
* [[1739]]-[[1740]]: [[measles]] - [[Boston, Massachusetts]]<ref name=":3" />
* [[1747]]: [[measles]] - [[Connecticut]], [[New York]], [[Pennsylvania]], [[South Carolina]]<ref name=":3" />
* [[1759]]: [[measles]] - North America<ref name=":3" />
* [[1761]]: [[influenza]] - North America and West Indies<ref name=":3" />
* [[1772]]: [[measles]] - North America<ref name=":3" />
* [[1775]]: unknown cause - North America, particularly in the northeast
* [[1783]]: Bilious fever - [[Dover, Delaware]]
* [[1788]]: [[measles]] - [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]] and [[New York]]<ref name=":3" />
* [[1793]]: [[influenza]] and "putrid fever" - [[Vermont]]
* [[1793]]: [[influenza]] - [[Virginia]]
* [[1793]]: [[yellow fever]] - [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]]
* [[1793]]: unknown - [[Harrisburg, Pennsylvania]]
* [[1793]]: unknown - [[Dauphin County, Pennsylvania|Middletown, Pennsylvania]]
* [[1794]]: [[yellow fever]] - [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]]
* [[1796]]-[[1797]]: [[yellow fever]] - [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]]
* [[1798]]: [[yellow fever]] - [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]]
* [[1803]]: [[yellow fever]] - [[New York]]
* [[1820]]-[[1823]]: [[fever]] - [[United States]] spreading from the [[Schuylkill River]]
* [[1831]]-[[1832]]: Asiatic cholera - [[United States]] (brought by English immigrants)
* [[1832]]: [[cholera]] - [[New York City]] and other major cities
* [[1833]]: [[cholera]] - [[Columbus, Ohio]]
* [[1834]]: [[cholera]] - [[New York City]]
* [[1837]]: [[typhus]] - [[Philadelphia]]
* [[1841]]: [[yellow fever]] - [[United States]] (especially severe in the South)
* [[1847]]: [[yellow fever]] [[New Orleans]]
* [[1848]]-[[1849]]: [[cholera]] - North America
* [[1849]]: [[cholera]] [[New York]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=NYCdata: Cholera Outbreak (1849)|url=https://www.baruch.cuny.edu/nycdata/disasters/cholera-1849.html|access-date=2020-08-18|website=www.baruch.cuny.edu}}</ref>
* [[1850]]: [[yellow fever]] - [[United States]]
* [[1850]]-[[1851]]: [[influenza]] - North America
* [[1851]]: [[cholera]] [[Coles County, Illinois]], The Great Plains, and [[Missouri]]
* [[1852]]: [[yellow fever]] - [[United States]] (New Orleans-8,000 die in summer)
* [[1855]]: [[yellow fever]] - [[United States]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Watson|first=Denise|title=The Yellow Fever outbreak wiped out 3,000 in Hampton Roads. On Wednesday, they'll be remembered.|url=https://www.pilotonline.com/history/article_1050de78-8aaa-5cdb-b9c0-dc74b4b756d6.html|access-date=2020-08-18|website=pilotonline.com}}</ref>
* [[1860]]-[[1861]]: [[smallpox]] - [[Pennsylvania]]
* [[1865]]-[[1873]]: [[smallpox]] - [[Philadelphia]], [[New York City]], [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]], [[New Orleans]]
* [[1865]]-[[1873]]: [[cholera]] - [[Baltimore, Maryland]], [[Memphis, Tennessee|Memphis]], [[Washington, DC]]
* [[1865]]-[[1873]]: recurring epidemics of [[typhus]], [[typhoid]], [[scarlet fever]], and [[yellow fever]]
* [[1873]]-[[1875]]: [[influenza]] - North America and Europe
* [[1876]]: [[smallpox]] - [[Deadwood, South Dakota]]
* [[1878]]: [[yellow fever]] - [[Memphis, Tennessee|Memphis]], [[New Orleans]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Editors|first=History com|title=First victim of Memphis yellow fever epidemic dies|url=https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/first-victim-of-memphis-yellow-fever-epidemic-dies|access-date=2020-08-20|website=HISTORY|language=en}}</ref>
* [[1885]]: [[typhoid]] - Plymouth, Pennsylvania<ref>{{Cite journal|date=1903-12-19|title=THE TYPHOID EPIDEMIC AT BUTLER, PA.|url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/454785|journal=Journal of the American Medical Association|language=en|volume=XLI|issue=25|pages=1542–1542|doi=10.1001/jama.1903.02490440032004|issn=0002-9955}}</ref>
* [[1886]]: [[yellow fever]] - [[Jacksonville, Florida]]<ref name=":3" />
* [[1918]]-[[1920]]: [[Spanish flu]] - [[Fort Riley, Kansas]]

== References ==

* [http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft5t1nb3mq/ Kuhnke, Laverne. ''Lives at Risk: Public Health in Nineteenth-Century Egypt.'' Berkeley: University of California Press, c1990.]
* Gallagher, Nancy. ''Egypt's Other Wars: Epidemics and the Politics of Public Health.'' Syracuse University Press, c1990. Published by the American University in Cairo Press. {{ISBN|977-424-295-5}}
* Kinch, Michael. [http://pegasusbooks.com/books/between-hope-and-fear-9781681777511-hardcover Between ''Hope and Fear: A History of Vaccines and Human Immunity.'' New York: Pegasus Books, 2018.] ISBN 9781681777511
* Rosen, William, [https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/294333/justinians-flea-by-william-rosen/ Justinian's Flea: Plague, Empire and the Birth of Europe], New York: Penguin Random House, 2008 ISBN 9780143113812
{{reflist}}

== Related pages ==

* [[List of historical plagues]]

Revision as of 12:35, 19 May 2021

This article is a list of major pandemics and epidemics caused by infectious diseases in human history. Epidemics caused by non-communicable diseases are not on this list.

Events in boldface are ongoing. For a given epidemic, the average of its estimated death toll range is used for ranking. If the death toll averages of two or more epidemics equal, then the smaller the range, the higher the rank. For the historical records of world population, see Estimates of historical world population.

Epidemics with at least 1 million deaths
Rank Epidemics/pandemics Death toll Population lost Date Location
1 Black Death 75–200 million 30–60% of European population[1] 1346–1353 Europe, Asia and North Africa
2 Spanish flu 17–100 million 1–5.4% of global population[2][3] 1918–1920 Worldwide
3 Plague of Justinian 15–100 million 25–60% of European population[4] 541–549 Europe and West Asia
4 HIV/AIDS pandemic 35 million+ (as of 2020) 1981–present Worldwide
5 Third plague pandemic 12–15 million 1855–1960 Worldwide
6 Cocoliztli Epidemic of 1545–1548 5–15 million 27–80% of Mexican population[5] 1545–1548 Mexico
7 Antonine Plague 5–10 million 25–33% of Roman population[6] 165–180 (possibly up to 190) Roman Empire
8 1520 Mexico smallpox epidemic 5–8 million 23–37% of Mexican population[5] 1519–1520 Mexico
9 COVID-19 pandemic 2.5 million+ (as of February 2021) 0.03% of global population[7] 2019–present Worldwide
10 1918–1922 Russia typhus epidemic 2–3 million 0.1–0.16% of global population[8] 1918–1922 Russia
11 Asian flu 1–4 million 0.03–0.1% of global population[7] 1957–1958 Worldwide
Hong Kong flu 1–4 million 0.03–0.1% of global population[7] 1968–1969 Worldwide
13 Cocoliztli epidemic of 1576 2–2.5 million 50% of Mexican population[5] 1576–1580 Mexico
14 735–737 Japanese smallpox epidemic 2 million 33% of Japanese population[9] 735–737 Japan
1772–1773 Persian Plague 2 million 1772–1773 Persia
16 Naples Plague 1.25 million 1656–1658 Italy
17 Third cholera pandemic 1 million+ 1846–1860 Worldwide
18 1629–1631 Italian plague 1 million 1629–1631 Italy
1889–1890 flu pandemic 1 million 1889–1890 Worldwide

Worldwide Pandemics

Regional

Asia

Central and South America

Europe

Egypt & North Africa

North America

References

  • Kuhnke, Laverne. Lives at Risk: Public Health in Nineteenth-Century Egypt. Berkeley: University of California Press, c1990.
  • Gallagher, Nancy. Egypt's Other Wars: Epidemics and the Politics of Public Health. Syracuse University Press, c1990. Published by the American University in Cairo Press. ISBN 977-424-295-5
  • Kinch, Michael. Between Hope and Fear: A History of Vaccines and Human Immunity. New York: Pegasus Books, 2018. ISBN 9781681777511
  • Rosen, William, Justinian's Flea: Plague, Empire and the Birth of Europe, New York: Penguin Random House, 2008 ISBN 9780143113812
  1. ↑ Wade, Lizzie (2020-05-14). "From Black Death to fatal flu, past pandemics show why people on the margins suffer most". Science. Retrieved 2021-02-06.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  2. ↑ "The Spanish flu (1918-20): The global impact of the largest influenza pandemic in history". Our World in Data. Retrieved 2021-02-06.
  3. ↑ "Compare: 1918 Spanish Influenza Pandemic Versus COVID-19". BioSpace. Retrieved 2021-02-25.
  4. ↑ Cite error: The named reference :4 was used but no text was provided for refs named (see the help page).
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Cite error: The named reference Megadrought and Megadeath in 16th Century Mexico was used but no text was provided for refs named (see the help page).
  6. ↑ "Antonine Plague". Ancient History Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2021-02-06.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 "World Population by Year - Worldometer". www.worldometers.info. Retrieved 2021-02-20.
  8. ↑ "Compare: 1918 Spanish Influenza Pandemic Versus COVID-19". BioSpace. Retrieved 2021-02-25.
  9. ↑ Cite error: The named reference Suzuki was used but no text was provided for refs named (see the help page).
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8 Morens, David M.; Taubenberger, Jeffery K. (2011-9). "Pandemic influenza: certain uncertainties". Reviews in medical virology. 21 (5): 262–284. doi:10.1002/rmv.689. ISSN 1052-9276. PMC 3246071. PMID 21706672. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  11. ↑ "Justinian's Flea -". www.justiniansflea.com. Retrieved 2020-08-18.
  12. ↑ "Three Books on the Black Death | The Heritage Portal". www.theheritageportal.co.za. Retrieved 2020-08-18.
  13. ↑ Raoult, Didier; Woodward, Theodore; Dumler, J. Stephen (2004-03-01). "The history of epidemic typhus". Infectious Disease Clinics of North America. Historical Aspects of Infectious Diseases, Part I. 18 (1): 127–140. doi:10.1016/S0891-5520(03)00093-X. ISSN 0891-5520.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 14.6 S, Peter M.; Feb 22, man |; 2007. "A severe pandemic is not overdue - it's not when but if". CIDRAP. Retrieved 2020-08-18. {{cite web}}: |last3= has numeric name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 15.5 15.6 "Cholera - Cholera through history". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2020-08-20.
  16. ↑ Rolleston, J. D. (1933-12). "The Smallpox Pandemic of 1870–1874: President's Address". Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine. 27 (2): 177–192. doi:10.1177/003591573302700245. ISSN 0035-9157. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  17. ↑ "The Great Influenza". Wikipedia. 2020-06-27.
  18. ↑ June 05, Content Source: HIV govDate last updated:; 2020 (2020-06-05). "What Are HIV and AIDS?". HIV.gov. Retrieved 2021-01-15. {{cite web}}: |last2= has numeric name (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  19. ↑ "Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)". www.who.int. Retrieved 2020-08-18.
  20. ↑ CDC (2019-06-11). "2009 H1N1 Pandemic". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 2021-02-06.
  21. ↑ "Home". Johns Hopkins Coronavirus Resource Center. Retrieved 2021-02-06.
  22. ↑ "Coronavirus Update (Live): 106,308,198 Cases and 2,318,294 Deaths from COVID-19 Virus Pandemic - Worldometer". www.worldometers.info. Retrieved 2021-02-06.
  23. ↑ "what's the story?". Diphtheria. Retrieved 2020-08-18.
  24. ↑ "Between Hope and Fear". pegasusbooks.com. Retrieved 2020-08-18.
  25. ↑ "Timeline | History of Vaccines". www.historyofvaccines.org. Retrieved 2020-08-20.
  26. ↑ 26.00 26.01 26.02 26.03 26.04 26.05 26.06 26.07 26.08 26.09 26.10 "Disease & Death in Early America: Tully Area Historical Society". www.tullyhistoricalsociety.org. Retrieved 2020-08-20.
  27. ↑ Morens, David M. (2015-7). "The Past Is Never Dead—Measles Epidemic, Boston, Massachusetts, 1713". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 21 (7): 1257–1260. doi:10.3201/eid2107.150397. ISSN 1080-6040. PMC 4480406. PMID 26277799. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  28. ↑ "NYCdata: Cholera Outbreak (1849)". www.baruch.cuny.edu. Retrieved 2020-08-18.
  29. ↑ Watson, Denise. "The Yellow Fever outbreak wiped out 3,000 in Hampton Roads. On Wednesday, they'll be remembered". pilotonline.com. Retrieved 2020-08-18.
  30. ↑ Editors, History com. "First victim of Memphis yellow fever epidemic dies". HISTORY. Retrieved 2020-08-20. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  31. ↑ "THE TYPHOID EPIDEMIC AT BUTLER, PA". Journal of the American Medical Association. XLI (25): 1542–1542. 1903-12-19. doi:10.1001/jama.1903.02490440032004. ISSN 0002-9955.

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