Voiced palatal lateral approximant
| Voiced palatal lateral approximant | |
|---|---|
| ʎ | |
| Audio sample | |
| Encoding | |
| X-SAMPA | L |
The voiced palatal lateral approximant is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is potentially in English but is similar to the pronounciation of the li in million. The sound exists in some dialects of Spanish.
Characteristics
[change | change source]- The phonation is voiced. This means that the vocal cords vibrate while the sound is being pronounced.
- The place of articulation (where the sound is produced) is palatal. This means that this sound is produced with the middle or back part of the tongue raised to the hard palate.
- It is a lateral consonant. This means that this sound is produced by directing the airstream over the sides of the tongue, but not down the middle.
- The manner of articulation (how the sound is produced) is approximant. This means that this sound is produced by narrowing the vocal tract at the place this sound is produced. However, it is not narrowed enough to produce a turbulent airstream.
Examples
[change | change source]| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Albanian[1] | Malsia e Madhe | lule | [ˈʎuʎɛ] | 'flower' | |
| Arbëresh | |||||
| Arvanitika | |||||
| Aragonese | agulla | [a̠ˈɣuʎa̠] | 'needle' | ||
| Aromanian | ljepuri | [ˈʎe̞puri] | 'rabbit' | ||
| Astur-Leonese | Asturian | llingua | [ˈʎĩŋɡwa̝] | 'language' | Where /ʎ/ is absent and replaced by different sounds (depending on dialect), a phenomenon known as che vaqueira, its corresponding sounds are spelled ⟨ḷḷ⟩. |
| Leonese | |||||
| Mirandese | lhéngua | [ˈʎɛ̃ɡwɐ] | |||
| Aymara | llaki | [ʎaki] | 'sad' | ||
| Basque | bonbilla | [bo̞mbiʎa̠] | 'bulb' | ||
| Breton | familh | [fa̠miʎ] | 'family' | ||
| Bulgarian | любов | [ʎuˈbof] | 'love' | Alveolo-palatal. See Bulgarian phonology | |
| Catalan | Standard | llac | [ˈʎäk] | 'lake' | Alveolo-palatal.[2] See Catalan phonology |
| Eastern Aragon | clau | [ˈkʎäw] | 'key' | Allophone of /l/ in consonant clusters. | |
| Chipaya | lloqa | [ʎoqa] | 'bank' | See Chipaya languages | |
| English | Australian | million | [ˈmɪʎən] | 'million' | Frequent realization of the sequence /lj/ |
| Canadian (Atlantic and Newfoundland) | |||||
| County Donegal[3] | Realization of the sequence /lj/.[3] | ||||
| General American[4] | Common realization of the sequence /lj/; sometimes realized as [jj].[4] See English phonology | ||||
| Hiberno-English | Common realization of the sequence /lj/ | ||||
| New England | |||||
| New York City | |||||
| New Zealand | |||||
| Received Pronunciation | |||||
| South African | |||||
| Southern American | |||||
| Philippine | gorilla | [goˈɾɪʎɐ] | 'gorilla' | Common realization of ⟨ll⟩ between vowels due to Spanish influence.[source?] | |
| Enindhilyagwa | angalya | [aŋal̠ʲa] | 'place' | Laminal post-alveolar | |
| Faroese[5] | telgja | [ˈtʰɛʎt͡ʃa] | 'to carve' | Allophone of /l/ before palatal consonants.[5] Sometimes voiceless [ʎ̥].[5] See Faroese phonology | |
| Franco-Provençal | balyi | [baʎi] | 'give' | ||
| French | Some dialects[6] | papillon | [papiʎɒ̃] | 'butterfly' | Corresponds to /j/ in modern standard French. See French phonology |
| Galician | Standard | illado | [iˈʎa̠ðo̝] | 'insulated' | Most Galician speakers, especially the urban and younger populations, are nowadays yeístas[7] because of influence from Spanish |
| Greek | ήλιος | ⓘ | 'sun' | Postalveolar.[8] See Modern Greek phonology | |
| Hungarian | Northern dialects[9] | lyuk | ⓘ | 'hole' | Alveolo-palatal.[10] Modern Standard Hungarian has undergone a phenomenon akin to Spanish yeísmo, merging /ʎ/ into /j/. See Hungarian ly and Hungarian phonology |
| Irish | duille | [ˈd̪ˠɪl̠ʲə] | 'leaf' | Alveolo-palatal. Some dialects contrast it with palatalized alveolar /lʲ/. See Irish phonology | |
| Italian[2] | figlio | ⓘ | 'son' | Alveolo-palatal.[2] Realized as fricative [ʎ̝] in a large number of accents.[11] See Italian phonology | |
| Ivilyuat | Ivil̃uɂat | [ʔivɪʎʊʔat] | 'the speaking [Ivilyuat]' ('Ivilyuat language') | ||
| Jaqaru | allaka | [a'ʎaka] | 'pumpkin' | See Jaqaru Language | |
| Jebero | llinllin[12] | [ʎinʎin] | 'name' | See Jebero Language | |
| Korean | Seoul dialect | 천리마 / cheollima | [t͡ɕʰʌ̹ʎʎima̠] | 'qianlima' | /l/ is palatalized to [ʎ] before /i, j/ and before palatal consonant allophones[13] |
| Latvian | ļaudis | [ʎàwdis] | 'people' | See Latvian phonology | |
| Mapudungun | aylla | [ˈɐjʎɜ] | 'nine' | See Mapuche language | |
| Norwegian | Northern and central dialects[14] | alle | [ɑʎːe] | 'all' | See Norwegian phonology |
| Occitan | Standard | miralhar | [miɾa̠ˈʎa̠] | 'to reflect' | See Occitan phonology |
| Paiwan | Standard | veljevelj | [vəʎəvəʎ] | 'banana' | See Paiwan language |
| Paez | silli | [siʎi] | 'reed' | See Paezan languages | |
| Portuguese | Standard | alho | [ˈaʎu] | 'garlic' | Alveolo-palatal in European Portuguese.[15] May instead be [lʲ], [l] (Northeast) or [j] (Caipira), especially before unrounded vowels.[16][17] See Portuguese phonology |
| Many dialects[18] | sandália | [sɐ̃ˈda̠l̠ʲɐ] | 'sandal' | Possible realization of post-stressed /li/ plus vowel. | |
| Quechua[19] | qallu | [qaʎʊ] | 'tongue' | ||
| Romanian | Transylvanian dialects[20] | lingură | [ˈʎinɡurə] | 'spoon' | Corresponds to [l][in which environments?] in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology |
| Romansh | Sursilvan | fegl | [feʎ] | 'son' | |
| Sutsilvan | |||||
| Surmiran | |||||
| Puter | figl | [fiʎ] | |||
| Vallader | |||||
| Rumantsch Grischun | |||||
| Scottish Gaelic[21] | till | [tʲʰiːʎ] | 'return' | Palatal or palatalised apical dental. Can manifest as [j], or among some younger speakers, as [lj].[22] See Scottish Gaelic phonology | |
| Serbo-Croatian[23] | љуљaшка / ljuljačka | [ʎ̟ǔʎ̟äːʂkä], [ʎ̟ǔʎ̟äːt͡ʂkä] | 'swing (seat)' | Palato-alveolar.[23] See Serbo-Croatian phonology | |
| Sissano | piyl | [piʎ] | 'fish' | ||
| Slovak | ľúbiť | ⓘ | 'to love' | Merges with /l/ in western dialects. See Slovak phonology | |
| Spanish[24] | Andean (from Argentina to Colombia) | caballo | [ka̠ˈβ̞a̠.ʎo̞] | 'horse' | Found in traditional speakers in Peninsular Spanish. Also found in Andean countries and Paraguay. For most speakers, this sound has merged with /ʝ/, a phenomenon called yeísmo. See Spanish phonology. "Caballo" with yeísmo is pronounced [ka̠ˈβ̞a̠.ʝo̞] |
| Castilian, Aragonese and Catalonian outside of large cities[25] | |||||
| Central areas in Extremadura | |||||
| Eastern and southwestern Manchego[source?] | |||||
| Paraguayan[26] | |||||
| Philippine | |||||
| Very few areas in Andalusia | |||||
| Murcian | cayó | [ka̠ˈʎo̞] | 'fall' | Ultralleísmo, rural | |
| Xumi | Lower[27] | [ʎ̟o˩˥] | 'musk deer' | Alveolo-palatal; contrasts with the voiceless /ʎ̥/.[27][28] | |
| Upper[28] | [ʎ̟ɛ˦] | 'correct, right' | |||
Nasal
[change | change source]| Voiced palatal lateral nasal approximant | |
|---|---|
| ʎ̃ |
A voiced palatal lateral nasal approximant is a very rare and complex speech sound. It does not have a common single symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet, but it is often described as a nasalized palatal lateral approximant, written as [ʎ̃]. It is not in English.
Characteristics
[change | change source]- The phonation is voiced. This means that the vocal cords vibrate while the sound is being pronounced.
- It is a nasal consonant. This means that air is allowed to escape through the nose, either exclusively (nasal stops) or in addition to through the mouth.
- The place of articulation (where the sound is produced) is palatal. This means that this sound is produced with the middle or back part of the tongue raised to the hard palate.
- It is a lateral consonant. This means that this sound is produced by directing the airstream over the sides of the tongue, but not down the middle.
- The manner of articulation (how the sound is produced) is approximant. This means that this sound is produced by narrowing the vocal tract at the place this sound is produced. However, it is not narrowed enough to produce a turbulent airstream.
References
[change | change source]- ↑ Dedvukaj, Lindon; Ndoci, Rexhina (2023). "Linguistic variation within the Northwestern Gheg Albanian dialect". Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America. 8 (1). Linguistic Society of America: 7. doi:10.3765/plsa.v8i1.5501.
- 1 2 3 Recasens et al. (1993), p. 222.
- 1 2 Stenson (1991), cited in Hickey (2004:71)
- 1 2 Wells (1982), p. 490.
- 1 2 3 Árnason (2011), p. 115.
- ↑ Grevisse & Goosse (2011, §33, b), Fagyal, Kibbee & Jenkins (2006:47)
- ↑ Regueira, Xosé L. (December 1996). "Galician". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 26 (2): 119–122. doi:10.1017/S0025100300006162.
- ↑ Arvaniti (2007), p. 20.
- ↑ Benkő (1972), p. ?.
- ↑ Recasens (2013), p. 10.
- ↑ Ashby (2011:64): "(...) in a large number of Italian accents, there is considerable friction involved in the pronunciation of [ʎ], creating a voiced palatal lateral fricative (for which there is no established IPA symbol)."
- ↑ "Diccionario Shiwilu o Jebero (Pano-Tacanas) | PDF | Lengua española | Vocal". Scribd. Retrieved 2023-10-11.
- ↑ Crosby, Drew; Dalola, Amanda (March 2021). "Phonetic variation in the Korean liquid phoneme". Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America. 6 (1): 706–707, 711. doi:10.3765/plsa.v6i1.5002. Retrieved 5 September 2022.
- ↑ Skjekkeland (1997), pp. 105–107.
- ↑ Teixeira et al. (2012), p. 321.
- ↑ Stein (2011), p. 223.
- ↑ Aragão (2009), p. 168.
- ↑ "Considerações sobre o status das palato-alveolares em português". Archived from the original on 2014-04-07. Retrieved 2014-04-06.
- ↑ Ladefoged (2005), p. 149.
- ↑ Pop (1938), p. 30.
- ↑ Oftedal (1956), p. 125.
- ↑ Nance (2013), p. 129.
- 1 2 Jazić (1977:?), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:188)
- ↑ Archived 2015-11-20 at the Wayback Machine ALPI
- ↑ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003), p. 255.
- ↑ Peña Arce, Jaime (2015). "Yeísmo en el español de América. Algunos apuntes sobre su extensión" [Yeísmo in the Spanish spoken in America. Some notes on its extension]. Revista de Filología de la Universidad de la Laguna (in Spanish). 33: 175–199. Retrieved October 5, 2021.
- 1 2 Chirkova & Chen (2013), pp. 365, 367–368.
- 1 2 Chirkova, Chen & Kocjančič Antolík (2013), pp. 382–383.
