Voiced labiodental fricative

Voiced labiodental fricative
Voiced labiodental fricative
v
IPA Number	129
Audio sample
	source · help
Encoding
Entity (decimal)	v
Unicode (hex)	U+0076
X-SAMPA	v

The voiced labiodental fricative is a type of consonant. The letter for this sound in the International Phonetic Alphabet is ⟨v⟩. The X-SAMPA symbol for this sound is ⟨v⟩. The English language has this sound, and it is the sound represented by 'v' in very and division.

Features

The airstream mechanism is pulmonic. This means that this sound is produced by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
The phonation is voiced. This means that the vocal cords vibrate while the sound is being pronounced.
The place of articulation (where the sound is produced) is labiodental. This means that this sound is produced with the lower lips and the upper teeth.
The manner of articulation (how the sound is produced) is fricative. This means that this sound is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, to make turbulence.

Examples

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning
Abkhaz		европа	[evˈropʼa]	'Europe'
Afrikaans		wees	[vɪəs]	'to be'
Albanian		valixhe	[vaˈlidʒɛ]	'case'
Arabic	Algerian^[1]	كاڥي‎	[kavi]	'ataxy'
	Hejazi	ڤيروس	[vajˈruːs]	'virus'
	Siirt^[1]	ذهب	[vaˈhab]	'gold'
Armenian	Eastern^[2]	վեց	[vɛtsʰ]^ⓘ	'six'
Assyrian		ܟܬܒ̣ܐ [[[Syriac alphabet\|ctava]]] Error: {{Lang}}: Latn text/non-Latn script subtag mismatch (help)	[ctaːva]	'book'
Bai	Dali	?	[ŋv˩˧]	'fish'
Bulgarian		вода	[voda]	'water'
Catalan	Alguerese^[3]	vell	[ˈveʎ]	'old'
	Balearic^[4] ^[3]
	Southern Catalonia^[5]
	Valencian^[5]^[3]
Chechen		вашa / vaṣa	[vaʃa]	'brother'
Chinese	Wu	饭	[vɛ]	'cooked rice'
Chinese	Sichuanese	五	[v]	'five'
Czech		voda	[ˈvodä]	'water'
Danish	Standard^[6]	véd	[ve̝ːˀð̠˕ˠ]	'know(s)'
Dutch	All dialects	wraak	[vraːk]	'revenge'
	Most dialects	vreemd	[vreːmt]	'strange'
	Standard^[7]	vreemd	[vreːmt]	'strange'
English	All dialects	valve	[væɫv]	'valve'
	African American^[8]	breathe	[bɹiːv]	'breathe'
	Cockney^[9]	breathe	[bɹəi̯v]	'breathe'
Esperanto		vundo	[ˈvundo]	'wound'
Ewe^[10]		evlo	[évló]	'he is evil'
Faroese^[11]		veður	[ˈveːʋuɹ]	'speech'
French^[12]		valve	[valv]	'valve'
Georgian^[13]		ვიწრო	[ˈvitsʼɾo]	'narrow'
German		Wächter	[ˈvɛçtɐ]	'guard'
Greek		βερνίκι verníki	[ve̞rˈnici]	'varnish'
Hebrew		גב	[ɡav]	'back'
Hindi^[14]		व्रत	[vrət̪]	'fast'
Hungarian		veszély	[vɛseːj]	'danger'
Irish		bhaile	[vaːlə]	'home'
Italian^[15]		avare	[aˈvare]	'miserly' (f. pl.)
Judaeo-Spanish		mueve	[ˈmwɛvɛ]	'nine'
Kabardian		вагъуэ	[vaːʁʷa]^ⓘ	'star'
Macedonian		вода	[vɔda]	'water'
Maltese		iva	[iva]	'yes'
Norwegian	Urban East^[16]	venn	[ve̞nː]	'friend'
Occitan	Auvergnat	vol	[vɔl]	'flight'
	Limousin
	Provençal
Persian	Western	ورزش	[varzeʃ]	'sport'
Polish^[17]		wór	[vur]^ⓘ	'bag'
Portuguese^[18]		vila	[ˈvilɐ]	'town'
Romanian		val	[väl]	'wave'
Russian^[19]^[20]		волосы	[ˈvʷo̞ɫ̪əs̪ɨ̞]	'hair'
Serbo-Croatian		voda	[vɔ'da]	'water'
Slovak^[21]		vzrast	[vzräst]	'height'
Slovene^[22]		filozof		'philosopher'
Spanish^[23]		afgano	[ävˈɣ̞äno̞]	'Afghan'
Swedish		vägg	[ˈvɛɡː]	'wall'
Turkish^[24]		vade	[väːˈd̪ɛ]	'due date'
Tyap		vak	[vag]	'road'
Urdu		ورزش	[vəɾzɪʃ]	‘exercise’
Vietnamese^[25]		và	[vaː˨˩]	'and'
West Frisian		weevje	[ˈʋeɪ̯vjə]	'to weave'
Welsh		fi	[vi]	'I'
Yi		ꃶ/vu	[vu˧]	'intestines'

Notes

1 2 Watson (2002:15)
↑ Dum-Tragut (2009:18)
1 2 3 "La /v/ labiodental" (PDF). IEC. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 July 2021. Retrieved 13 June 2021.
↑ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992:53)
1 2 Wheeler (2002:13)
↑ Basbøll (2005:62)
↑ Gussenhoven (1992:45)
↑ McWhorter (2001), pp. 148.
↑ Wells (1982), p. 328.
↑ Ladefoged (2005:156)
↑ Árnason (2011:115)
↑ Fougeron & Smith (1993:73)
↑ Shosted & Chikovani (2006:255)
↑ Janet Pierrehumbert; Rami Nair (1996), Implications of Hindi Prosodic Structure (Current Trends in Phonology: Models and Methods) (PDF), European Studies Research Institute, University of Salford Press, 1996, ISBN 978-1-901471-02-1, archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-13, retrieved 2022-02-16
↑ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:117)
↑ Kristoffersen (2000:74)
↑ Jassem (2003:103)
↑ Cruz-Ferreira (1995:91)
↑ Padgett (2003:42)
↑ Yanushevskaya & Bunčić (2015:223)
↑ Hanulíková & Hamann (2010:374)
↑ Herrity (2000:16)
↑ http://www.uclm.es/profesorado/nmoreno/compren/material/2006apuntes_fonetica.pdf Archived 2012-03-07 at the Wayback Machine; http://plaza.ufl.edu/lmassery/Consonantes%20oclusivasreviewlaurie.doc Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine
↑ Göksel & Kerslake (2005:6))
↑ Thompson (1959:458–461)

References

Árnason, Kristján (2011). The Phonology of Icelandic and Faroese. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199229314.
Basbøll, Hans (2005), The Phonology of Danish, Taylor & Francis, ISBN 0-203-97876-5
Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (1–2): 53–56, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618, S2CID 249411809
Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223, S2CID 249414876
Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L. (1993), "French", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 23 (2): 73–76, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874, S2CID 249404451
Göksel, Asli; Kerslake, Celia (2005), Turkish: a comprehensive grammar, Routledge, ISBN 978-0415114943
Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (2): 45–47, doi:10.1017/S002510030000459X, S2CID 243772965
Hanulíková, Adriana; Hamann, Silke (2010), "Slovak" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 40 (3): 373–378, doi:10.1017/S0025100310000162
Herrity, Peter (2000), Slovene: A Comprehensive Grammar, London: Routledge, ISBN 0415231485
Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
Kristoffersen, Gjert (2000), The Phonology of Norwegian, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-823765-5
Ladefoged, Peter (2005), Vowels and Consonants (Second ed.), Blackwell
Landau, Ernestina; Lončarić, Mijo; Horga, Damir; Škarić, Ivo (1999), "Croatian", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 66–69, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
Padgett, Jaye (2003), "Contrast and Post-Velar Fronting in Russian", Natural Language & Linguistic Theory, 21 (1): 39–87, doi:10.1023/A:1021879906505, S2CID 13470826
Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 117–121, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628
Shosted, Ryan K.; Chikovani, Vakhtang (2006), "Standard Georgian" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (2): 255–264, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002659
Thompson, Laurence (1959), "Saigon phonemics", Language, 35 (3): 454–476, doi:10.2307/411232, JSTOR 411232
Watson, Janet (2002), The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic, New York: Oxford University Press
Wheeler, Max W. (2005), The Phonology Of Catalan, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-925814-7
Yanushevskaya, Irena; Bunčić, Daniel (2015), "Russian" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 45 (2): 221–228, doi:10.1017/S0025100314000395

[auto-1] 1 2 Watson (2002:15)

[2] Dum-Tragut (2009:18)

[:0-3] 1 2 3 "La /v/ labiodental" (PDF). IEC. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 July 2021. Retrieved 13 June 2021.

[4] Carbonell & Llisterri (1992:53)

[Harvcoltxt|Wheeler|2002|p=13-5] 1 2 Wheeler (2002:13)

[6] Basbøll (2005:62)

[7] Gussenhoven (1992:45)

[FOOTNOTEMcWhorter2001148-8] McWhorter (2001), pp. 148.

[FOOTNOTEWells1982328-9] Wells (1982), p. 328.

[10] Ladefoged (2005:156)

[arn115-11] Árnason (2011:115)

[12] Fougeron & Smith (1993:73)

[13] Shosted & Chikovani (2006:255)

[ref25lojir-14] Janet Pierrehumbert; Rami Nair (1996), Implications of Hindi Prosodic Structure (Current Trends in Phonology: Models and Methods) (PDF), European Studies Research Institute, University of Salford Press, 1996, ISBN 978-1-901471-02-1, archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-13, retrieved 2022-02-16

[15] Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:117)

[krist74-16] Kristoffersen (2000:74)

[17] Jassem (2003:103)

[18] Cruz-Ferreira (1995:91)

[19] Padgett (2003:42)

[yb-20] Yanushevskaya & Bunčić (2015:223)

[hh374-21] Hanulíková & Hamann (2010:374)

[her16-22] Herrity (2000:16)

[23] ttp://www.uclm.es/profesorado/nmoreno/compren/material/2006apuntes_fonetica.pdf Archived 2012-03-07 at the Wayback Machine; http://plaza.ufl.edu/lmassery/Consonantes%20oclusivasreviewlaurie.doc Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine

[gk6-24] Göksel & Kerslake (2005:6))

[25] Thompson (1959:458–461)

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