List of national rulers

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This page lists the national rulers in the world, i.e. heads of state and heads of government (and, in certain cases, de facto leaders not occupying either of those formal positions or prime ministers who are not heads of government ...) of the 195 states usually recognized like that (193 UN members + Vatican City + Taiwan), of 10 other national entities (quasi and unrecognized states), and of 7 in exile and/or alternative governments (only in exile governments that exercised power or succeeded governments that exercised power).

For local rulers, i.e. rulers of dependencies and of the main administrative divisions (autonomous regions, insular or peninsular regions, successors of historical regions or regions with strong identity, regions in the news, etc.) see:

Main page: List of the main local rulers

Contents

[change] States – A

State Status Name Since
Afghanistan Afghanistan President Hamid Karzai [1] 22 Dec 2001
Albania Albania President Bamir Topi 24 Jul 2007
Prime minister Sali Berisha [2] 11 Sep 2005
Algeria Algeria President Abdelaziz Bouteflika 27 Apr 1999
Prime minister Abdelaziz Belkhadem 24 May 2006
Andorra Andorra Coprince (French head of state) Nicolas Sarkozy 16 May 2007
Coprinces (bishop of Urgel) Joan Enric Vives Sicília 12 May 2003
Personal representative of the French coprince Christian Frémont Sep 2008
Personal representative of the episcopal coprince Nemesi Marquès Oste 1993
General syndic Joan Gabriel Estany 17 May 2005
Head of government Jaume Bartumeu 3 June 2009
Angola Angola President José Eduardo dos Santos [3] 10 Sep 1979
Prime minister Fernando da Piedade Dias dos Santos 6 Dec 2002
Antigua and Barbuda Antigua and Barbuda Queen Elizabeth II 1 Nov 1981
Governor-general Louise Lake-Tack 17 Jul 2007
Prime minister Baldwin Spencer 26 Mar 2004
Argentina Argentina President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner 10 Dec 2007
Cabinet chief Alberto Fernández 25 May 2003
Armenia Armenia President Robert Kocharyan [4] 4 Feb 1998
Prime minister Serzh Sarkisyan 4 Apr 2007
Australia Australia Queen Elizabeth II 6 Feb 1952
Governor-general Quentin Bryce 5 September 2008
Prime minister Julia Gillard 24 June 2010
Austria Austria President Heinz Fischer 8 Jul 2004
Chancellor Werner Faymann 2 Dec 2008
Azerbaijan Azerbaijan President Ilham Aliyev [5] 31 Oct 2003
Prime minister Artur Rasizade [6] 6 Aug 2003

[change] States – B

State Status Name Since
The Bahamas The Bahamas Queen Elizabeth II 10 Jul 1973
Governor-general Arthur Dion Hanna 1 Feb 2006
Prime minister Hubert Ingraham [7] 4 May 2007
Bahrain Bahrain King Sheikh Hamad ibn `Isa Al Khalifah [8] 14 Feb 2002
Prime minister Sheikh Khalifah ibn Sulman Al Khalifah [9] 19 Jan 1970
Bangladesh Bangladesh President Iajuddin Ahmed 6 Sep 2002
Prime minister Fakhruddin Ahmed (chief adviser) 12 Jan 2007
Barbados Barbados Queen Elizabeth II 30 Nov 1966
Governor-general Sir Clifford Husbands 1 Jun 1996
Prime minister Freundel Stuart 23 Oct 2010
Belarus Belarus President Alyaksandr Lukashenka 20 Jul 1994
Prime minister Syarhey Sidorski [10] 10 Jul 2003
Belgium Belgium King Albert II 9 Aug 1993
Prime minister Guy Verhofstadt 12 Jul 1999
Belize Belize Queen Elizabeth II 21 Sep 1981
Governor-general Sir Colville Young 17 Nov 1993
Prime minister Dean Barrow 8 Feb 2008
Benin Benin President Yayi Boni 6 Apr 2006
Bhutan Bhutan King Jigme Khesar Namgyal Wangchuck 14 Dec 2006
Prime minister Lyonpo Kinzang Dorji [11] 31 Jul 2007
Bolivia Bolivia President Evo Morales 22 Jan 2006
Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Hercegovina Chairman of the Presidency of the Republic Zeljko Komsic [12] 6 Jul 2007
Prime minister Nikola Spiric 11 Jan 2007
International High Representative Miroslav Lajcák (Slovakia) 2 Jul 2007
Botswana Botswana President Ian Khama 2008
Brazil Brazil President Dilma Rousseff 1 Jan 2011
Brunei Brunei Sultan Sir Hassanal Bolkiah Mu´izzadin Waddaulah 4 Oct 1967
Prime minister Sir Hassanal Bolkiah Mu´izzadin Waddaulah 1 Jan 1984
Bulgaria Bulgaria President Georgi Parvanov 22 Jan 2002
Prime minister Sergey Stanishev 16 Aug 2005
Burkina Faso Burkina Faso President Blaise Compaoré [13] 15 Oct 1987
Prime minister Tertius Zongo 4 Jun 2007
Burundi Burundi President Pierre Nkurunziza 26 Aug 2005
Myanmar Burma Chairman of the State Peace
and Development Council		 Than Shwe [14] 23 Apr 1992
Prime minister Thein Sein [15] Apr 2007

[change] States – C

State Status Name Since
Cambodia Cambodia King Norodom Sihamoni 14 Oct 2004
Prime minister Samdech Hun Sen [16] 14 Jan 1985
Cameroon Cameroon President Paul Biya 6 Nov 1982
Prime minister Ephraïm Inoni 8 Dec 2004
Canada Canada Queen Elizabeth II 6 Feb 1952
Governor-general David Lloyd Johnston 1 Oct 2010
Prime minister Stephen Harper 6 Feb 2006
Cape Verde Cape Verde President Pedro Pires 22 Mar 2001
Prime minister José Maria Neves 1 Feb 2001
Central African Republic Central African Republic President François Bozizé 15 Mar 2003
Prime minister Faustin Archange Touadéra 22 Jan 2008
Chad Chad President Idriss Déby [17] 15 Mar 2003
Prime minister Delwa Kassire Koumakoye [18] 26 Feb 2007
Chile Chile President Sebastian Pinera 11 Mar 2011
People's Republic of China China General secretary of the Communist Party of China Hu Jintao 15 Nov 2002
President Hu Jintao 15 Mar 2003
Premier Wen Jiabao 16 Mar 2003
Colombia Colombia President Juan Manuel Santos 7 Aug 2010
Comoros Comoros President Ahmed Abdallah Sambi 26 May 2006
Republic of the Congo Congo (Brazzaville) President Denis Sassou-Nguesso [19] 25 Oct 1997
Prime minister Isidore Mvouba 7 Jan 2005
Democratic Republic of the Congo Congo (Kinshasa) President Joseph Kabila [20] 17 Jan 2001
Prime minister Antoine Gizenga [21] 30 Dec 2006
Costa Rica Costa Rica President Laura Chinchilla 8 May 2010
Côte d'Ivoire Côte d'Ivoire President Alassane Ouattara Apr 2011
Prime minister Guillaume Soro 4 Apr 2007
Croatia Croatia President Stipe Mesic [22] 18 Feb 2000
Prime minister Jadranka Kosor 6 July 2009
Cuba Cuba First secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba Fidel Castro [23] Jul 1961
Raúl Castro (acting) 31 Jul 2006
President of the Council of State Fidel Castro 3 Dec 1976
Raúl Castro (acting) 31 Jul 2006
President of the Council of Ministers Fidel Castro [24] 16 Feb 1959
Raúl Castro (acting) 31 Jul 2006
Cyprus Cyprus President Demetris Christofias 2008
Czech Republic Czech Republic President Václav Klaus [25] 24 Apr 2005
Prime minister Mirek Topolánek 4 Sep 2006

[change] States – D–F

State Status Name Since
Denmark Denmark Queen Margrethe II 14 Jan 1972
Prime minister Helle Thorning-Schmidt Sep 2011
Djibouti Djibouti President Ismail Omar Guelleh 8 May 1999
Prime minister Dileita Mohamed Dileita 7 Mar 2001
Dominica Dominica President Nicholas Liverpool 2 Oct 2003
Prime minister Roosevelt Skerrit 8 Jan 2004
Dominican Republic Dominican Republic President Leonel Fernández [26] 16 Aug 2004
East Timor East Timor President José Ramos-Horta [27] 20 May 2007
Prime minister Xanana Gusmão [28] 8 Aug 2007
Ecuador Ecuador President Rafael Correa 15 Jan 2007
Egypt Egypt President Hosni Mubarak 14 Oct 1981
Prime minister Ahmed Nazif 14 Jul 2004
El Salvador El Salvador President Antonio Saca 1 Jun 2004
Equatorial Guinea Equatorial Guinea President Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo [29] 3 Aug 1979
Prime minister Ricardo Mangue Obama Nfubea 14 Aug 2006
Eritrea Eritrea President Isaias Afewerki [30] 29 May 1991
Estonia Estonia President Toomas Hendrik Ilves 9 Oct 2006
Prime minister Andrus Ansip 13 Apr 2005
Ethiopia Ethiopia President Girma Wolde-Giorgis 8 Oct 2001
Prime minister Meles Zenawi [31] 23 Aug 1995
Fiji Fiji President Ratu Josefa Iloilo [32] 18 Jul 2000
Prime minister Voreqe Bainimarama [33] 5 Jan 2007
Finland Finland President Tarja Halonen 1 Mar 2000
Prime minister Jyrki Katainen 22 June 2011
France France President Nicolas Sarkozy 16 May 2007
Prime minister François Fillon 17 May 2007

[change] States – G–H

State Status Name Since
Gabon Gabon President Ali Ben Bongo 2009
Prime minister Jean Eyeghe Ndong 20 Jan 2006
The Gambia The Gambia President Yahya Jammeh [34] 22 Jul 1994
Georgia (country) Georgia President Mikheil Saakashvili [35] 20 Jan 2008
Prime minister Nika Gilauri 6 Feb 2009
Germany Germany President Christian Wulff 30 June 2010
Chancellor Angela Merkel 22 Nov 2005
Ghana Ghana President John Atta Mills 7 Jan 2009
Greece Greece President Karolos Papoulias 12 Mar 2005
Prime minister Kostas Karamanlis 10 Mar 2004
Grenada Grenada Queen Elizabeth II 7 Feb 1974
Governor-general Sir Daniel Williams 9 Aug 1996
Prime minister Keith Mitchell 22 Jun 1995
Guatemala Guatemala President Álvaro Colom 14 Jan 2008
Guinea Guinea President Lansana Conté [36] 3 Apr 1984
Prime minister Lansana Kouyaté 1 Mar 2007
Guinea-Bissau Guinea-Bissau President Raimundo Pereira [37] 2 Mar 2009
Prime minister Carlos Gomes Júnior 2 Jan 2009
Guyana Guyana President Bharrat Jagdeo [38] 11 Aug 1999
Prime minister Sam Hinds [39] 13 Apr 2007
Haiti Haiti President René Préval [40] 14 May 2006
Prime minister Michèle Pierre-Louis 5 Sep 2008
Honduras Honduras President Manuel Zelaya 27 Jan 2006
Hungary Hungary President Pál Schmitt 6 Aug 2010
Prime minister Viktor Orban May 2010

[change] States – I–K

State Status Name Since
Iceland Iceland President Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson 1 Aug 1996
Prime minister Johanna Sigurdardottir 1 Feb 2009
India India President Pratibha Patil 25 Jul 2007
Prime minister Manmohan Singh 22 May 2004
Indonesia Indonesia President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono 20 Oct 2004
Iran Iran Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei 25 Jul 2007
President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad 3 Aug 2005
Iraq Iraq President Jalal Talabani 7 Apr 2005
Prime minister Nuri al-Maliki 20 May 2006
Republic of Ireland Ireland President Mary McAleese 11 Nov 1997
Prime minister Enda Kenny 9 Mar 2011
Israel Israel President Shimon Peres [41] 15 Jul 2007
Prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu[42] 31 Mar 2009
Italy Italy President Giorgio Napolitano 15 May 2006
President of the Council of Ministers Silvio Berlusconi 8 May 2008
Jamaica Jamaica Queen Elizabeth II 6 Aug 1962
Governor-general Kenneth Hall 15 Feb 2006
Prime minister Bruce Golding 11 Sep 2007
Japan Japan Emperor Akihito 7 Jan 1989
Prime minister Yoshihiko Noda 2 Sep 2011
Jordan Jordan King Abdullah II 7 Feb 1999
Prime minister Nader Dahabi 25 Nov 2007
Kazakhstan Kazakhstan President Nursultan Nazarbayev [43] 24 Apr 1990
Prime minister Karim Masimov 10 Jan 2007
Kenya Kenya President Mwai Kibaki 30 Dec 2002
Kiribati Kiribati President Anote Tong 10 Jul 2003
North Korea North Korea Chairman of the National Defense Commission [44] Kim Jong Il 8 Jul 1994
General secretary of the Central Committee
of the Workers' Party of Korea		 Kim Jong Il 8 Oct 1997
Chairman of the Presidium
of the Supreme People's Assembly		 Kim Yong Nam 5 Sep 1998
Chairman of the Council of Ministers Kim Yong Il 11 Apr 2007
South Korea South Korea President Roh Moo Hyun [45] 25 Feb 2003
Prime minister Han Duck Soo [46] 2 Apr 2007
Kuwait Kuwait Emir Sheikh Sabah Al Ahmad Al Jabir Al Sabah [47] 29 Jan 2006
Prime minister Sheikh Nasser Muhammad Al Ahmad Al Sabah 7 Feb 2006
Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan President Roza Otunbayeva 3 Jul 2010
Prime minister Igor Chudinov 24 Dec 2007

[change] States – L

State Status Name Since
Laos Laos General secretary of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party Choummaly Sayasone 21 Mar 2006
President Choummaly Sayasone 8 Jun 2006
Chairman of the Council of Ministers Bouasone Bouphavanh 8 Jun 2006
Latvia Latvia President Valdis Zatlers 8 Jul 2007
Prime minister Aigars Kalvitis [48] 2 Dec 2004
Lebanon Lebanon President Fouad Siniora (acting) [49] 24 Nov 2007
Prime minister Fouad Siniora 19 Jul 2005
Lesotho Lesotho King Letsie III [50] 7 Feb 1996
Prime minister Pakalitha Mosisili 29 May 1998
Liberia Liberia President Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf 16 Jan 2006
Libya Libya Governing Council National Transitional Council 20 Oct 2011
Liechtenstein Liechtenstein Sovereign prince Hans-Adam II [51] 13 Nov 1989
Prince Alois (regent) 15 Aug 2004
Head of government Otmar Hasler 5 Apr 2001
Lithuania Lithuania President Dalia Grybauskaite 12 Jul 2009
Prime minister Gediminas Kirkilas 4 Jul 2006
Luxembourg Luxembourg Grand Duke Henri [52] 7 Oct 2000
Prime minister Jean-Claude Juncker 20 Jan 1995

[change] States – M

State Status Name Since
Republic of Macedonia Macedonia President Branko Crvenkovski 12 May 2004
Prime minister Nikola Gruevski 27 Aug 2006
Madagascar Madagascar President Marc Ravalomanana 22 Feb 2002
Prime minister Charles Rabemananjara 20 Jan 2007
Malawi Malawi President Bingu wa Mutharika 24 May 2004
Malaysia Malaysia Paramount ruler Mizan Zainal Abidin [53] 13 Dec 2006
Prime minister Najib Tun Razak 3 April 2009
Maldives Maldives President Maumoon Abdul Gayoom 11 Nov 1978
Mali Mali President Amadou Toumani Touré [54] 8 Jun 2002
Prime minister Modibo Sidibé 28 Sep 2007
Malta Malta President George Abela 4 Apr 2009
Prime minister Lawrence Gonzi 23 Mar 2004
Marshall Islands Marshall Islands President Litokwa Tomeing 7 Jan 2008
Mauritania Mauritania President Sidi Mohamed Ould Cheikh Abdallahi 19 Apr 2007
Prime minister Zeine Ould Zeidane 20 Apr 2007
Mauritius Mauritius President Sir Anerood Jugnauth [55] 7 Aug 2003
Prime minister Navin Ramgoolam [56] 5 Jul 2005
Mexico Mexico President Felipe Calderón 1 Dec 2006
Federated States of Micronesia Federated States of Micronesia President Manny Mori 11 May 2007
Moldova Moldova President Vladimir Voronin 7 Apr 2001
Prime minister Vasile Tarlev 19 Apr 2001
Monaco Monaco Prince Albert II [57] 6 Apr 2005
Minister of state Jean-Paul Proust 1 Jun 2005
Mongolia Mongolia President Nambaryn Enkhbayar 24 Jun 2005
Prime minister Sanj Bayar 22 Nov 2007
Montenegro Montenegro President Filip Vujanovic [58] 22 May 2003
Prime minister Sanj Bayar 22 Nov 2007
Morocco Morocco King Muhammad VI 23 Jul 1999
Prime minister Abbas El Fassi 19 Sep 2007
Mozambique Mozambique President Armando Guebuza [59] 2 Feb 2005
Prime minister Luisa Diogo 17 Feb 2004

[change] States – N–R

State Status Name Since
Namibia Namibia President Hifikepunye Pohamba 21 Mar 2005
Prime minister Nahas Angula 21 Mar 2005
Nauru Nauru President Marcus Stephen 19 Dec 2007
Nepal Nepal President Ram Baram Yadav 21 Jul 2008
Prime minister Girija Prasad Koirala [60] 30 Apr 2006
Netherlands The Netherlands Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands 30 Apr 1980
Prime minister Mark Rutte 14 Oct 2010
New Zealand New Zealand Queen Elizabeth II 6 Feb 1952
Governor-general Anand Satyanand 23 Aug 2006
Prime minister John Key 19 Nov 2008
Nicaragua Nicaragua President Daniel Ortega [61] 10 Jan 2007
Niger Niger President Mamadou Tandja 22 Dec 1999
Prime minister Seyni Oumarou 7 Jun 2007
Nigeria Nigeria President Goodluck Jonathan 6 May 2010
Norway Norway King Harald V [62] 17 Jan 1991
Prime minister Jens Stoltenberg [63] 7 Jun 2007
Oman Oman Sultan Qabus ibn Sa`id 23 Jul 1970
Prime minister Qabus ibn Sa`id 2 Jan 1972
Pakistan Pakistan President Asif Ali Zardari Sep 2008
Prime minister Mohammadmian Soomro 16 Nov 2007
Palau Palau President Johnson Toribiong 15 Jan 2009
Panama Panama President Martín Torrijos 1 Sep 2004
Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea Queen Elizabeth II 16 Sep 1975
Governor-general Sir Paulias Matane 29 Jun 2004
Prime minister Sir Michael Somare [64] 5 Aug 2002
Paraguay Paraguay President Fernando Lugo 15 Aug 2008
Peru Peru President Alan García [65] 28 Jul 2006
Prime minister Jorge del Castillo 28 Jul 2006
Philippines Philippines President Benigno Aquino III 30 Jun 2010
Poland Poland President Bronislaw Komorowski 7 Aug 2010
Prime minister Donald Tusk 16 Nov 2007
Portugal Portugal President Aníbal Cavaco Silva 9 Mar 2006
Prime minister Pedro Passos Coelho 21 June 2011
Qatar Qatar Emir Sheikh Hamad ibn Khalifah Al Thani 27 Jun 1995
Prime minister Sheikh Hamad ibn Jassim ibn Jabr Al Thani 3 Apr 2007
Romania Romania President Traian Basescu [66] 20 Dec 2004
Prime minister Calin Popescu-Tariceanu 29 Dec 2004
Russia Russia President Dmitry Medvedev 7 May 2008
Prime minister Vladimir Putin 7 May 2008
Rwanda Rwanda President Paul Kagame [67] 24 Mar 2000
Prime minister Bernard Makuza 8 Mar 2000

[change] States – S

State Status Name Since
Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Kitts and Nevis Queen Elizabeth II 19 Sep 1983
Governor-general Sir Cuthbert Sebastian 1 Jan 1996
Prime minister Denzil Douglas 7 Jul 1995
Saint Lucia Saint Lucia Queen Elizabeth II 22 Feb 1979
Governor-general Dame Pearlette Louisy 17 Sep 1997
Prime minister Stephenson King [68] 1 May 2007
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Queen Elizabeth II 27 Oct 1979
Governor-general Sir Frederick Ballantyne 2 Sep 2002
Prime minister Ralph Gonsalves 29 Mar 2001
Samoa Samoa Head of state Tuiatua Tupua Tamasese Efi [69] 20 Jun 2007
Prime minister Tuilaepa Sailele Malielegaoi 23 Nov 1998
San Marino San Marino Captains-regent Mirko Tomassoni 1 Oct 2007
Alberto Selva 1 Oct 2007
São Tomé and Príncipe São Tomé and Príncipe President Fradique de Menezes [70] 23 Jul 2003
Prime minister Tomé Vera Cruz 21 Apr 2006
Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia King Abdullah [71] 1 Aug 2005
Prime minister Abdullah 1 Aug 2005
Senegal Senegal President Abdoulaye Wade 1 Apr 2000
Prime minister Cheikh Hadjibou Soumaré 19 Jun 2007
Serbia Serbia President Boris Tadic 11 Jul 2004
Prime minister Vojislav Kostunica 3 Mar 2004
Seychelles Seychelles President James Michel 14 Apr 2004
Sierra Leone Sierra Leone President Ernest Bai Koroma 17 Sep 2007
Singapore Singapore President S.R. Nathan 1 Sep 1999
Prime minister Lee Hsien Loong 12 Aug 2004
Slovakia Slovakia President Ivan Gasparovic 15 Jun 2004
Prime minister Robert Fico 4 Jul 2006
Slovenia Slovenia President Danilo Türk 22 Dec 2007
Prime minister Janez Jansa 9 Nov 2004
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands Queen Elizabeth II 7 Jul 1978
Governor-general Sir Nathaniel Waena 7 Jul 2004
Prime minister Derek Sikua 20 Dec 2007
Somalia Somalia President Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed [72] 14 Oct 2004
Prime minister Nur Hassan Hussein 24 Nov 2007
South Africa South Africa President Jacob Zuma 9 May 2009
Spain Spain King Juan Carlos I [73] 22 Nov 1975
Prime minister José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero 17 Apr 2004
South Sudan South Sudan President Salva Kiir Mayardit 9 July 2011
Sri Lanka Sri Lanka President Mahinda Rajapakse [74] 19 Nov 2005
Prime minister Ratnasiri Wickremanayake [75] 21 Nov 2005
Sudan The Sudan President Omar Hassan Ahmad al-Bashir [76] 30 Jun 1989
Suriname Suriname President Desi Bouterse 12 Aug 2010
Vice president [77] Ram Sardjoe 12 Aug 2005
Swaziland Swaziland King Mswati III 25 Apr 1986
Prime minister Themba Dlamini 26 Nov 2003
Sweden Sweden King Carl XVI Gustaf 15 Sep 1973
Prime minister Fredrik Reinfeldt 6 Oct 2006
Switzerland Switzerland President [78] Pascal Couchepin 1 Jan 2008
Syria Syria President Bashar al-Assad 17 Jul 2000
Prime minister Muhammad Naji al-Otari 10 Sep 2003

[change] States – T

State Status Name Since
Republic of China Taiwan President Chen Shui-bian 20 May 2000
President of the Executive Yuan Chang Chun-hsiung [79] 21 May 2007
Tajikistan Tajikistan President Emomalii Rakhmon [80] 19 Nov 1992
Prime minister Akil Akilov 20 Dec 1999
Tanzania Tanzania President Jakaya Kikwete 21 Dec 2005
Prime minister Edward Lowassa 30 Dec 2005
Thailand Thailand King Bhumibol Adulyadej 9 Jun 1946
Prime minister Yingluck Shinawatra 5 Aug 2011
Togo Togo President Faure Gnassingbé [81] 4 May 2005
Prime minister Komlan Mally 6 Dec 2007
Tonga Tonga King George Tupou V 11 Sep 2006
Prime minister Feleti Sevele [82] 11 Feb 2006
Trinidad and Tobago Trinidad and Tobago President Maxwell Richards 17 Mar 2003
Prime minister Patrick Manning [83] 24 Dec 2001
Tunisia Tunisia Acting President Fouad Mebazaa 15 Jan 2011
Prime minister Mohamed Ghannouchi 17 Nov 1999
Turkey Turkey President Abdullah Gül 28 Aug 2007
Prime minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan 14 Mar 2003
Turkmenistan Turkmenistan President Gurbanguly Berdymukhammedov [84] 21 Dec 2006
Tuvalu Tuvalu Queen Elizabeth II 1 Oct 1978
Governor-general Sir Filoimea Telito 15 Apr 2005
Prime minister Apisai Ielemia 14 Aug 2006

[change] States – U–Z

State Status Name Since
Uganda Uganda President Yoweri Museveni [85] 26 Jan 1986
Prime minister Apolo Nsibambi 5 Apr 1999
Ukraine Ukraine President Viktor Yanukovich 25 Feb 2010
Prime minister Yuliya Tymoshenko [86] 18 Dec 2007
United Arab Emirates United Arab Emirates President Sheikh Khalifa ibn Zaid Al Nahayan 3 Nov 2004
Prime minister Sheikh Muhammad ibn Rashid Al Maktum 5 Jan 2006
United Kingdom United Kingdom Queen Elizabeth II 6 Feb 1952
Prime minister David Cameron 11 May 2010
United States United States President Barack Obama 20 Jan 2009
Uruguay Uruguay President José Mujica 1 Mar 2010
Uzbekistan Uzbekistan President Islam Karimov [87] 24 Mar 1990
Prime minister Shavkat Mirziyayev 11 Dec 2003
Vanuatu Vanuatu President Kalkot Mataskelekele 16 Aug 2004
Prime minister Ham Lini 11 Dec 2004
Vatican City Vatican City (Holy See) Sovereign Benedictus XVI 19 Apr 2005
Secretary of state Tarcisio Cardinal Bertone 15 Sep 2006
Venezuela Venezuela President Hugo Chávez [88] 14 Apr 2002
Executive vice-president Ramón Carrizalez 6 Jan 2008
Vietnam Vietnam General secretary of the Communist Party Nong Duc Manh 22 Apr 2001
President Nguyen Minh Triet 27 Jun 2006
Prime minister Nguyen Tan Dung 27 Jun 2006
Yemen Yemen President Ali Abdullah Saleh [89] 22 May 1990
Prime minister Ali Muhammad Mujawar 7 Apr 2007
Zambia Zambia President Rupiah Banda 2008
Zimbabwe Zimbabwe President Robert Mugabe [90] 31 Dec 1987

[change] Quasi states

State Status Name Since
Kosovo Kosovo Prefect of Kosovo district Srdjan Vasic 28 Sep 2004
Administrator [91] Joachim Rücker (Germany) 1 Sep 2006
President Fatmir Sejdiu 10 Feb 2006
Prime minister Hashim Thaçi 9 Jan 2008
Sovereign Military Order of Malta Sovereign Military Order of Malta [92] Grand master Fra' Giacomo Dalla Torre (acting) 7 Feb 2008
Grand chancellor Jean-Pierre Mazery [93] 3 Nov 2004
Palestinian territories Palestine [94] President Mahmoud Abbas 15 Jan 2005
Prime minister Salam Fayyad [95] 17 Jun 2007
Western Sahara Western Sahara [96] President Mohamed Abdelaziz [97] 30 Aug 1976
Prime minister Abdelkader Taleb Oumar 29 Oct 2003

[change] De facto independent states

State Status Name Since
Abkhazia Abkhazia President Sergey Bagapsh 12 Feb 2005
Prime minister Aleksandr Ankvab 14 Feb 2005
Transnistria Transnistria President Igor Smirnov [98] 2 Sep 1990
Nagorno-Karabakh Republic Nagorno-Karabakh President Bako Sahakyan 7 Sep 2007
Prime minister Araik Arutyunyan 14 Sep 2007
Northern Cyprus North Cyprus President Mehmet Ali Talat [99] 24 Apr 2005
Prime minister Ferdi Sabit Soyer 26 Apr 2005
Somaliland Somaliland President Dahir Riyale Kahin 3 May 2002
South Ossetia South Ossetia President Eduard Kokoyty 18 Dec 2001
Prime minister Yury Morozov 5 Jul 2005

[change] Govenments in exile/alternative governments

State Status Name Since
Abkhazia Abkhazia [100] Chairman of the Supreme Council Temur Mzhavia 16 Mar 2004
Prime minister Malkhaz Akishbaya 21 Mar 2006
Belarus Belarus Chairman of the Rada Ivonka Survilla 1997
Estonia Republic of Estonia in exile Prime minister acting as president Kalev Ots [101] 28 Nov 2003
Acting prime minister Ahti Mänd 7 Dec 2003
Chechen Republic of Ichkeria Chechnya Emir Doku Umarov [102] 7 Oct 2007
South Moluccas South Moluccas President Frans L.J. Tutuhatunewa [103] 10 Apr 1993
South Ossetia South Ossetia [104] President Dmitry Sanakoyev 1 Dec 2006
Prime minister Uruzmag Karkusov 7 Dec 2006
Tibet Tibet Dalai Lama Tenzin Gyatso [105] 25 Aug 1939
Chairman of the Cabinet Samdhong Rinpoche 5 Sep 2001

[change] Notes

  1. ↑ Chairman of the Interim Administration to 19 Jun 2002.
  2. ↑ Previously president from 9 Apr 1992 to 24 Jul 1997.
  3. ↑ Acting to 21 Sep 1979.
  4. ↑ Acting to 9 Apr 1998.
  5. ↑ In Azeri, "İlham Əliyev".
  6. ↑ In Azeri, "Artur Rasizadə". Acting for Aliyev to 4 Nov 2003. Previously prime minister from 20 Jul 1996 to 4 Aug 2003 (acting to 26 Nov 1996)
  7. ↑ Previously from 21 Aug 1992 to 3 May 2002.
  8. ↑ Emir from 6 Mar 1999 to 14 Feb 2002.
  9. ↑ President of the State Council to 16 Aug 1971.
  10. ↑ Acting to 19 Dec 2003.
  11. ↑ Previously from 14 Aug 2002 to 30 Aug 2003.
  12. ↑ The presidency is tripartite: the members are Željko Komšić (Croatian, since 6 Nov 2006), Nebojša Radmanović (Serb, since 6 Nov 2006), Haris Silajdžić (Bosniak, since 6 Nov 2006).
  13. ↑ President of Popular Front (from 31 Oct 1987 also Head of State) to 24 Dec 1991.
  14. ↑ Chairmen of the State Law and Order Restoration Council to 15 Nov 1997.
  15. ↑ Acting to 24 Oct 2007 (for Soe Win to 12 Oct 2007).
  16. ↑ Prime minister to 2 Jul 1993, coequal prime minister from 2 Jul 1993 to 21 Sep 1993, second prime minister from 21 Sep 1993 to 30 Nov 1998.
  17. ↑ From 26 Jan 2006, Idriss Déby Itno. President of Patriotic Salvation Movement 2–4 Dec 1990, Head of State 4 Dec 1990 – 4 Mar 1991).
  18. ↑ Previously from 6 Nov 1993 to 8 Apr 1995.
  19. ↑ De facto in control from 15 Oct 1997. Previously member of the Military Committee of the Congolese Labour Party (18 Mar – 3 Apr 1977) and president from 8 Feb 1979 to 31 Aug 1992 (Head of State to 14 Aug 1979).
  20. ↑ Interim to 26 Jan 2001.
  21. ↑ Previously president from 31 Mar 1961 to 5 Aug 1961 (Head of State, in rebellion, at Stanleyville) and prime minister from 13 Dec 1960 to 5 Aug 1961 (in rebellion, at Stanleyville).
  22. ↑ Previously prime minister from 30 May to 24 Aug 1990. Also president of the Collective Presidency of Yugoslavia (1 Jul – 3 Oct 1991).
  23. ↑ Communist Party of Cuba = to 26 Mar 1962, Integrated Revolutionary Organizations (ORI); 26 Mar 1962 – 3 Oct 1965, United Party of the Cuban Socialist Revolution (PUSC).
  24. ↑ Premier from 16 Feb 1959 to 2 Dec 1976.
  25. ↑ Previously acting president (1 Jan – 2 Feb 1993).
  26. ↑ Previously from 16 Aug 1996 to 16 Aug 2000.
  27. ↑ Previously prime minister from 26 Jun 2006 to 19 May 2007 (acting to 10 Jul 2006).
  28. ↑ Previously president from 20 May 2002 to 20 May 2007.
  29. ↑ Chairman Revolutionary Military Council to 25 Aug 1979, chairman Supreme Military Council 25 Aug 1979 – 12 Oct 1982.
  30. ↑ Secretary-general of the Provisional Government to 24 May 1993.
  31. ↑ Previously president (interim) from 28 May 1991 to 22 Aug 1995.
  32. ↑ Interim to 15 Mar 2001. From 5 Dec 2006 to 4 Jan 2007, Voreqe Bainimarama is acting president for suspended Iloilo.
  33. ↑ Interim. Previously acting president from 5 Dec 2006 to 4 Jan 2007.
  34. ↑ Chairman Armed Forces Provisional Ruling Council to 28 Sep 1996; Head of State to 18 Oct 1996.
  35. ↑ Previously from 25 Jan 2004 to 25 Nov 2007.
  36. ↑ Chairman Military Committee of National Restoration to 5 Apr 1984.
  37. ↑ Acting.
  38. ↑ Previously prime minister from 9 Aug 1999 to 11 Aug 1999.
  39. ↑ Previously president from 6 Mar 1997 to 19 Dec 1997, and prime minister from 9 Oct 1992 to 17 Mar 1997 and from 22 Dec 1997 to 9 Aug 1999.
  40. ↑ Previously prime minister from 13 Feb 1991 to 11 Oct 1991 and president from 7 Feb 1996 to 7 Feb 2001.
  41. ↑ Previously prime minister from 22 Apr 1977 to 21 Jun 1977 (acting), from 14 Sep 1984 to 20 Oct 1986, and from 4 Nov 1995 to 18 Jun 1996 (acting to 22 Nov 1995).
  42. ↑ Previously prime minister, 18 June 1996 – 6 July 1999
  43. ↑ Previously first secretary of the Communist Party of the Kazakh S.S.R. (22 Jun 1989 – 28 Aug 1991), Chairman of the Supreme Soviet (22 Feb 1990 – 24 Apr 1990), chairman of the Council of Ministers (27 Jul 1989 – 14 Oct 1991).
  44. ↑ Declared "the highest post of the state" 5 Sep 1998.
  45. ↑ From 12 Mar 2004 to 14 May 2004, Goh Kun is acting president for suspended Roh. On 19 Dec 2007, Lee Myung Bak is elected president.
  46. ↑ Previously acting prime minister from 14 Mar 2006 to 19 Apr 2006.
  47. ↑ Prime minister from 13 Jul 2003 to 7 Feb 2006.
  48. ↑ On Dec 5 hands in his resignation. On Dec 14 Ivars Godmanis is asked to form a new cabinet.
  49. ↑ A presidential election is scheduled on 11 Feb 2008.
  50. ↑ Previously from 12 Nov 1990 to 25 Jan 1995.
  51. ↑ Regent from 26 Aug 1984 to 13 Nov 1989.
  52. ↑ Regent from 3 Mar 1998 to 7 Oct 2000.
  53. ↑ Previously from 21 Nov 2001 to 13 Dec 2001 (acting).
  54. ↑ Previously from 26 Mar 1991 to 8 Jun 1992 (chairman National Reconciliation Council to 31 Mar 1991, then chairman Transitional Committee for the Salvation of the People).
  55. ↑ Previously prime minister from 16 Jun 1982 to 22 Dec 1995 and from 17 Sep 2000 to 30 Sep 2003.
  56. ↑ Previously from 22 Dec 1995 – 17 Sep 2000.
  57. ↑ Regent from 31 Mar 2005 to 6 Apr 2005.
  58. ↑ Previously prime minister (5 Feb 1998 – 8 Jan 2003) and acting president (25 Nov 2002 – 19 May 2003).
  59. ↑ Previously member of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of FRELIMO acting as president (19 Oct 1986 – 6 Nov 1986).
  60. ↑ Previously from 26 May 1991 to 30 Nov 1994, from 15 Apr 1998 to 31 May 1999, and from 22 Mar 2000 to 26 Jul 2001.
  61. ↑ Previously member of the Government Junta of National Reconstruction (18 Jul 1979 – 10 Jan 1985 ; coordinator from 4 Mar 1981) and president from 10 Jan 1985 to 25 Apr 1990.
  62. ↑ Crown Prince Haakon regent from 25 Nov 2003 to 13 Apr 2004 and from 29 Mar 2005 to 7 Jun 2005.
  63. ↑ Previously from 17 Mar 2000 to 19 Oct 2001.
  64. ↑ Previously prime minister from 27 Apr 1972 to 11 Mar 1980 (chief minister to 16 sep 1975) and from 2 Aug 1982 to 21 Nov 1985.
  65. ↑ Previously from 28 Jul 1985 to 28 Jul 1990.
  66. ↑ From 20 Apr to 23 May 2007, Nicolae Vacaroiu is acting for suspended Basescu.
  67. ↑ Acting to 22 Apr 2000.
  68. ↑ Acting to 9 Sep 2007.
  69. ↑ Previously member of the council of deputies acting as head of state (11 May – 20 Jun 2007).
  70. ↑ Previously from 3 Sep 2001 to 16 Jul 2003.
  71. ↑ Previously regent (1 Jan – 21 Feb 1996).
  72. ↑ In Nairobi exile to 13 Jun 2005, from 26 Jul 2005 in Jowhar, from 26 Feb 2006 in Baidoa, from 8 Jan 2007 in Mogadishu.
  73. ↑ Previously acting head of state (19 Jul – 2 Sep 1974 and 30 Oct – 20 Nov 1975).
  74. ↑ Previously prime minister from 6 Apr 2004 to 21 Nov 2005.
  75. ↑ Previously from 10 Aug 2000 to 9 Dec 2001.
  76. ↑ President of Revolutionary Command Council for National Salvation to 16 Oct 1993.
  77. ↑ Chairing the Council of Ministers ex officio.
  78. ↑ The presidency (Federal Council) is collegial, the president of the Swiss Confederation serves solely in a primus inter pares capacity for one year. The members of the Federal Council are Moritz Leuenberger (since 1 Nov 1995), Pascal Couchepin (since 1 Apr 1999), Samuel Schmid (since 1 Jan 2001), Micheline Calmy-Rey (since 1 Jan 2003), Hans-Rudolf Merz (since 1 Jan 2004, vice-president of the Confederation for 2008), Doris Leuthard (since 1 Aug 2006), Eveline Widmer-Schlumpf (since 1 Jan 2008).
  79. ↑ Previously from 6 Oct 2000 to 1 Feb 2002.
  80. ↑ Acting to 27 Nov 1992; chairman Supreme Council 27 Nov 1992 – 16 Nov 1994.
  81. ↑ Previously from 5 to 25 Feb 2005 (acting to 21)
  82. ↑ Acting to 30 Mar 2006.
  83. ↑ Previously from 17 Dec 1991 to 9 Nov 1995.
  84. ↑ Acting to 14 Feb 2007.
  85. ↑ Commander National Resistance Army to 29 Jan 1986.
  86. ↑ Previously from 24 Jan 2005 to 8 Sep 2005.
  87. ↑ Previously first secretary of the Communist Party of the Uzbek S.S.R. (23 Jun 1989 – 3 Nov 1991).
  88. ↑ Previously from 2 Feb 1999 to 12 Apr 2002.
  89. ↑ Chairman Presidential Council to 1 Oct 1994. Previously president of North Yemen (18 Jul 1978 – 22 May 1990).
  90. ↑ Previously prime minister (18 Apr 1980 – 31 Dec 1987).
  91. ↑ Head of United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo.
  92. ↑ Though without a territory since 1798, the Sovereign Military Order of Malta still regards itself, and is regarded by several states that give it diplomatic recognition, as a sovereign state.
  93. ↑ Acting to 16 Apr 2005.
  94. ↑ Palestinian Authority created to administer most of Gaza Strip and parts of West Bank (Jericho area handed over 13 May 1994, Gaza Strip 18 May 1994, Jenin 13 Nov 1995, Tulkarem 10 Dec 1995, Nablus 11 Dec 1995, Qalqilya 16 Dec 1995, Bethlehem 21 Dec 1995, Ramallah 27 Dec 1995, 80% of Hebron 17 Jan 1997).
  95. ↑ Ismail Haniya, prime minister from 29 Mar 2006 to 14 Jun 2007, continues in rebellion in Gaza.
  96. ↑ The Saharan Arab Democratic Republic is currently recognized by about 60 countries. Morocco retains de facto control..
  97. ↑ Chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council to 16 Oct 1982).
  98. ↑ From 2 Sep 1990 to 1 Dec 1991, chairman of the (to 29 Nov 1990, Provisional) Supreme Soviet; from Dec 1990 chairman of the republic.
  99. ↑ Previously prime minister from 13 Jan 2004 to 26 Apr 2005.
  100. ↑ Pro-Georgian government (in Tbilisi).
  101. ↑ Previously acting prime minister from 15 Sep 1992 to 28 Nov 2003.
  102. ↑ Previously president from 17 Jun 2006 to 7 Oct 2007.
  103. ↑ In Netherlands exile.
  104. ↑ Alternative government.
  105. ↑ 14th Dalai Lama. From 31 Mar 1959 in exile (from 1 May 1960 in Dharamsala, India).

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